conj. (a use of 1 cía, Ped. ii 206 , Bergin, Ériu xii 206 . Not a use of 1 cía, Greene, Ériu xxi 92 - 3 ) In O. Ir. also ce ( Thurn. Gramm. 34 ). Before initial vowels also ci. Neg. cení, ceni, cini ( Thurn. Gramm. 561 ). céa, Trip.² 444 . gia, SR 2885 . ga, LL 8354 (TBC). In later lang. gé ( Thurn. Gramm. 111 ). giodh re hucht n-innsgne ┐ molta ┐ bfocuil, ┐ gé re hucht n-oibrighthe, acht gurab cóir giodh gonta no a leithéid eile, IGT Introd. 8.1 (for giodh see infra). On gé do in past tense in class. lang. see Duan. Finn Gloss. gér chreid, Dán Dé xx 38 . gé go ttainic, Duan. Finn ii 368 § 26 . In later lang. often reinforced by acht: acht gé tá, DDána 20.17 . acht ge bhadar, St. Ercuil 1471 . As a rule unstressed, cf. TD 15.28 note. But the form giodh is in list of words which may rhyme, Bard. Synt. Tr. 30.27 , the sense in available exx. being even (see infra): giodh: miodh, 39 = DDána 84.18 . As a rule leniting, Thurn. Gramm. 561 . But not in copula forms ce-pu, cia-ptar. Isolated exx. with gemination (no ref.), Thurn. Gramm. 145 . Not a conj. particle, and takes absol. and deut. form of vb. in O. Ir. (though it takes conj. form of pret. of copula, Thurn. Gramm. 491 ). Cf. also: cethuc, Thes. ii 225.19 (PCr.). cé betis secht tengtha / im gin, Fél. Ep. 125 . See Mulchrone, Celtica v 143 . Occasion- ally folld. by rel. clause: ciararubartat biuth, Ml. 91b1 ( Thurn. Gramm. 320 ). Cf. acht gé bhíos 'na bheathaidh, TSh. 1222 .

Somet. replaced as simple conj. by cid etc. (presum. cía + subj. pres. 3 s. of copula, see infra): ced donecmai, Mon. Tall. 146.19 . cid dognether ess usci, 143.18 . cid arfaomtar ní, 148.17 . cid fogluasa though . . . may, 152.1 . cid chodala a lórtid, 161.27 . cid ro chloí, LL 521 . gidh atá, ML 56.11 . gidh atáid, RSClára 54a . acht gidh do bhí, Eochairsg. 31.3 . acht cid bíd, Maund. 215 .

Forms with copula. Indic. pres. 2 s. ciaso, LL 344a32 = ciarba, Tec. Corm. 12.7 . 3 s. (leniting) ciasu, Wb. 11c17 . 12a5 . 19a20 . Ml. 26c4 . 26d12 . 67a4 . 67d24 . ciaso, Wb. 28c14 . Sg. 211b7 . cia so, 204a8 . cesu, Wb. 21d13 . Sg. 38a1 . 41b10 . 59a6 . 78b2 . 90a5 . 91a3 . 137b2 . 158a2 . 217b12 . ceso, 21a1 . 206a3 . With neg. cinidlúith lib, Wb. 12b9 . cinid airi, Sg. 35b13 . cinith mút, 5b4 . cenid, Ml. 42b7 . 44c26 . cenid, Sg. 181b4 . 202a5 . 2 pl. cenutad, Wb. 4a10 . cenotad, 33b8 . cenuded, Thes. i 713.25 . (archaic, Thurn. Gramm. 485 ). 3 pl. cetothóisegu, Wb. 18d14 . cetu chummascthai, Sg. 62a2 . ceto écintecha, 203b10 . ciato chomṡruithi, Críth Gabl. 493 . Subj. pres. 1 s. ciabaderóil, Wb. 18a7 . 2 s. ciabaloingthech, Wb. 6c9 . ciafa firián, Ml. 36a32 . 3 s. cid, cith, ced, ceith, ceth passim (see below). cinip, Wb. 11d15 . cinip . . . cenip , Ml. 59a23 . cenib, 24d22 . 3 pl. cit, Wb. 4d4 , 5 , 9a12 . 12a13 . Sg. 207b11 . cinbat, Wb. 4d6 . Subj. impf. 3 s. ce bad hé frisandénte, Wb. 9c24 . cenibed áainmsom bes foir, Ml. 23d17 . 3 pl. citis, cetis cited Thurn. Gramm. 490 . Pret. 1 s. ciabsa .i. ge do bhí mé, O'Cl. 3 s. cepu, Wb. 2c25 . 4c35 . ciabu, Ml. 24c12 . cíabo cited Thurn. Gramm. 491 . 3 pl. ciaptar, Ml. 98c5 . cebtar, Wb. 4a8 . céptar, Fél. Prol. 74 . cíaptar, Ep. 14 . Perf. 1 s. ciarpsa, Wb. 30a6 . 3 s. cíarbu, 13b8 . cíarbo, ibid. cinirbo, 24c22 .

Forms from later sources. Indic. pres. 1 s. gidh um, RSClára 55b . 2 s. cíasa, Trip.² 1282 . cidat, TFerbe 638 . 3 s. cesu, LU 3799 ( SC 37 ). MacCarthy 400.6 . cīas, Sc.M² 22d . 1 pl. cíammin, BDD² 329 . 3 pl. gidat, Anecd. ii 24 § 14 . Subj. pres. 3 s. ge, ZCP viii 116.28 . gé mídhiongmhála mé, RSClára 39a . gé leor, TD 20. 13 v.l. (more correctly giodh as in text, IGT Introd. cited above). ceinip, IT iii 239.122 . cenip, MU² 905 . cér' maith dogné, MacCarthy 66.4 . ? cepsi derb `of a sooth', Arch. Hib. iv 206 § 16 . Impf. 3 s. (cíambad, cíamtis perh. from cía no bad, betis, IT i Wtb. s.v. 3 cia ; modelled on díambad, Bergin, Ériu xii 206 n.2 ): cíambad, MU² 140 . ciambad, Airne F. 89 . cemadh, CCath. 5415 . gid mad, TTebe 1011 . ? gembo, IT iii 94.12 . In later lang. freq. gémadh. 3 pl. ciamdis, Anecd. i 21.5 . cíamtis, LU 2285 ( FA 34 ). cenptís, Fing. R. 230 . Pret. and perf. 3 s. ciarb, LL 22662 (CRR). cer gním, 28196 ( Met. Dinds. ii 74.30 ). gér mhaith, TD 14.29 . gér ba, SG 168.z . gé gurb, Dánfhocail 64 . cérbat, LB 138a23 ( Todd Lect. vi 64 ). cersat, 4a5 ( PH 250 ).

I With follg. subjunctive.

(a) if, even if, in the case that, in the event that (often almost identical in meaning with má, Bergin, Ériu xii 206 ): ceim- roimsimmis `if we should sin', Wb. 9c10 . batorad saithir dúnn . . . cedumelmis cechtuari et cedugnemmis andugniat ar céli, 10c21 . cia sulbiriger gl. si orem lingua, 12d10 . ceni- thaisid ar ois `unless ye go thus willingly', Ml. 33b15 . cenis- nícae `if Thou save them not', 88b7 . ci insamlar gl. si eos imitor, Sg. 1b1 . ceni et huaitsiu if I don't get (it) from you, Vita Br. 25 . trí toichnedai . . . cia be[i]th rí etc. (one is) the case in which a king is . . . , Críth Gabl. 548 . cenis beith biad acht rusbeth deog, Vita Br. 23 . ceni therna if he should happen not to return, Ir. Texts i 21 § 17 . cia dogne ín bean cinnta should the woman commit crimes, Laws iv 60.26 Comm. ni imdich cia beth cuit do indib `it shall not shelter him that he has a share in them', iv 202.2 . cia fo-certa míach . . . for a mullach if, BDD² 347 . sund cia no chráidem in Ríg / batin aithrig is tir thall, Ériu i 68.14 . ciathias ann, LB 126b33 . ro badh iongnadh . . . / gémadh . . , DDána 42.34 . cía . . . cía, ceni, cen co whether . . . or (not): cenonmolid cenon airid `whether ye praise us, whether ye blame us', Wb. 16a1 . ciatroillet ciniarillet `whether they deserve it, or deserve it not', 31c23 . gerbh āil gin corb áil leō whether they liked it or not, Arch. iii 5.33 . cia fogabad cenco fagbad, LL 7328 .

(b) As explic. and final conj. that (but see Ériu xlii 53 ) (frequ. in clauses depen- ding on words meaning good, fitting, permissible , etc. See ZCP xxix 181 . Somet. with perfective subj., Thurn. Gramm. 343 , 562 ): is cett lem don aegaire / cía nobeth sund co sona that he should be here happily, BColm. 98.7 . bacoir cena- chomalnithe, Wb. 13a33 . cubaid . . . cé mad i lub-gort, PH 3020 . is dedbir duib ciforrgot `that they destroy', Thes. i 714.14 . badethbir do cinifesed . . . , 3.39 . is dual ┐ is duthaig duib ciadogneiti calma, BB 429b41 . isfo lium ciarafesid `that ye should know it', Wb. 14b20 . immaircide . . . cerubet ipéin ladiabul, 26a23 . cia dulogae doib a nuili torgabala on gl. licet indulgenter omnia contuleris semel electis, Ml. 138b7 . is licet cia nospromae, Ériu i 202.7 . ba loür . . . / . . . comrac frium / ceni lomardais tre barr / mo dá n-ó dim chiunn, Blathm. 94 § 17 . ni maith less cia gabthar do, Wb. 29b5 . nec mirum .i. ciasingbat árim déṡillabche compariti ┐ superlati, Sg. 44b3 . ní mebul lemm ciafadam `I am not ashamed that I suffer it', Wb. 29d27 . ní mór duib cia chomallaide aní . . . `that ye fulfil', Ml. 95c3 . ciat ngneitis niba romh `they should have recognized him immediately', Blathm. 391 . Note also: nísnain ciasberat níntánicc recht the fact of their saying . . . will not protect them, Wb. 1d1 . amal nandéni mascul dindí as auxilium cebeith genitor áarrad the fact of its being accompanied by g. does not make a. a masculine, Sg. 125a6 (alternatively: a. does not become masculine even though accompanied by g.).

(c) although, in spite of the fact that, even though ( Thurn. Gramm. 561 ): bésu dagduine ciniestar cachtúari, Wb. 6b23 . ciachondesin farsúli `though I had asked for your eyes', 19d24 . cini eperthe frinn `even though it should not be said to us', 19a5 . cenitormastar homéit istrom cenae ho aicniud even without its being increased, Ml. 20a20 . ciarubé cenní diib nirubai cenaib huli, 20d4 . cechonístis nombetis archuit analoige `though they might be as regards analogy', Sg. 138a9 . canair son ce beith tuaslucud `it is sung, though there be a relaxation', Mon. Tall. 139.4 . cīa dofaetsad nem for talmain, BColm. 104.17 . ? céini rogalta in fēin `though thou hadst not promised', Fianaig. 12.18 . darbord cia bé `haughty though he was', MacCarthy 186.7 . ge deach rī Conaill a ccēin, ZCP viii 116.21 . gé bheith duine go díomhaoin, Dán Dé xxii 5 .

Very freq. with subj. pres. 3 s. of copula cid though (it be), granting that it is: ced nessa cenél neich alailiu, Ml. 115d7 . cid doib doarrchet, Wb. 5a16 (where cid is perh. used as indic., Thurn. Gramm. 484 ). cidmebul lib, 3b30 . cith .m. namma scríbthar and, Sg. 28a15 . ceith dichrai a ndaithrigi `however fervent their penitence', Mon. Tall. 134.12 . cid dīthrub Temair, Thes. ii 317.7 (Hy. ii). cit (pl.) réidi reba, Trip.² 1278 . cenid mé in murgelt már, LU 3022 . gidh aoibhneas an domhan mín, Dán Dé xxiii 35 . ciodh glan mo chrábhadh, Keat. iii 1703 . Perh. also: cid etir in fact, indeed, LL 31730 (TTr.). cidh on in any case, O'Don. 39 ( H. 3. 17, 35 ). Note also: gidhedh nogabdais / ō Bh. co B. though they should go from B. to B., ZCP viii 110 § 7 . ní thiobhra an corp cead a mhúinte / a mhacnas orm gidh eadh raibh though that is what I desire, Dán Dé xix 6 . ? cipithair mo mac inn nī romarbthar though my son come, ZCP xiii 178.19 (cf. cid bé s.v. 1 cía ?). With impf. gémadh naomh even though he be a saint, Dán Dé vii 29 . gemadh fili, St. Ercuil 1231 (even ? see infra).

cid . . . cid whether (it be) . . . or: cidcían cidgair, Wb. 3c5 . cid in imniud cid hisocumail beusa, Ml. 53b8 . cid bec cid mar, Sg. 2a7 . ceith mín cid anmín `slightly or strongly', Mon. Tall. 148.24 . cidh islip cidh uaislibh `whether they be plebeians or nobles', Laws iv 26.20 Comm. ainmne is umaldóit certae / cid maith, cid saich, cid bochtae `which set right good and evil and poverty', Ériu iii 104 § 38 . gidh sunn, cidh tall no mairmis, BNnÉ 313 § 5 . With gé: ge garid gé étgene / dit álaib fo chen, LU 10429 ( ZCP iii 258.9 ). With ellipse of second cid: cid cian gairit, IT i 118.13 (TE Eg.). gidh mór beag do bhéaradh sibh be your gift great or small, Dán Dé vi 21 .

Hence in adv. phr. (┐) cid ed however, nevertheless : ┐ cided ón nislán térnatar, LL 256b26 ( TFerbe 429 ). gided tarcid C., LL 11391 (TBC). cid edh, CCath. 3004 . is gidh eadh, DDána 91.12 . gidheadh ag nach bí éinní `yet hath nothing', Prov. xiii 7 . ┐ gideth, ZCP vi 34.10 . cid ed, CRR 26.3 . ged ed, TTebe 2092 . In narrative: cērbh eadh, Feis TC 518 .

With subj. pres. 3 s. of copula in sense even (somet. as mere emphasising word). Twice with pl. ending in Wb.: bieit cit geinti hiressich, 4c40 . muscreitfet cithésidi, 5c2 . Apart from these exx. cid is used irrespective of number of follg. noun or pronoun (see Thurn. Gramm. 562 ): corrici cíth besti béoa, Thes. i 4.31 . ba apstal cidmoysi `Moses too was an apostle', Wb. 32d14 . ní comalnatsom cid feissne recht `even they themselves fulfil not the Law', 20c22 . amal dundgniat indfilid linni cid insin `even as the poets with us do', Ml. 26b10 . cid na hualcha gl. superba (loquentes), 31c22 . cidnanguide gl. etiam supplicationum (similitudine), 32c18 . cid ostú a Dé `even Thou, O God', 43a18 . cid inna hí ata beca, 62b10 . iscuse cidedon gl. et id actenus, Enchir. Aug. 72b ( ZCP vii 480 ). ceth anísiu `even this', Ériu ii 224.3 . ro thóraind gid tige in dúine sin, FDG² 30 .

Hence in isolated glosses on Lat. particles: cith gl. et, Wb. 22a5 (a prima manu). cid gl. et, Ml. 14a1 . gl. etiam, 24c2b ; Sg. 9a4 . gl. etsi, Ml. 23c4 . gl. iam, 15b2 . 48b14 . gl. quamlibet, 46c16 . gl. quamuís, 55c12 . gl. (iusti)que, 38d3 . gl. quidem, 14a15 . gl. quippe, 127a8a . gl. quoque, 101a13 . Sg. 16a2a , see ÉC xi 112 . gl. saltim, Ml. 86c7 . gl. uel, 99a1 .

With follg. prep. and noun: cid cossin nóin, Wb. 2a21 . ceith cenmathá integdais nucut `even besides yonder house', 33a4 . cid etir na cumcai, Ml. 18d24 . cid a techtugad tire, Laws iv 24.20 Comm. nī tibur-so in tinnscra sinee (leg. sin ?) cid ar Meidb Crūachan feissin, ZCP iv 39.9 = ní thibrind i tindscra cid Meidbi insin, TBFr. 185 . cid aire sin namá if only for that reason, Ériu ii 194 § 7 . cid īarna ētsecht `even after his death', BColm. 98.25 .

With adv. cid indemin `even assuredly', Wb. 9c18 . cid inbiucc, Sg. 39a25 . ceit co matain till morning, Mon. Tall. 152.6 .

With verb: cid átrebfea gl. et habitaturum, Ml. 36b14 . cid reminota .i. cid remínetarcnaigedar `that it even prenote', 18c12 . cithisse gl. et qui, Wb. 22a7 (a prima manu). Usually with clause introduced by conj.: cidamba cocuibsid, Ml. 32b21 . asber cid arind molatar inna nime fesin `he even tells the heavens themselves to praise Him', 145d4 . cidrisíu robǽ cland les, Wb. 29d23 . cid co tisad gáeth etorro ┐ talam even to the extent that, LU 8389 ( FB 26 ). is bec cid dia fesstar a chenél `his kin will be almost unknown', RC xxiv 176.5 . cid intan ná torsed F. chucu `even if Ph. should not return', Ériu iv 142.7 . níor fhás giodh acht cáora con not even (?), Bard. Synt. Tr. 30.38 .

With follg. itir: génnti na rochretset cid itir at all, RC xii 426 § 13 . is fodāig na mnā cid etir roferfaider si (sic) fāilti frit `that you get a welcome at all', ZCP v 501.30 . fri re naenuaire cidh itir `even', Ériu 22.31 . acht másu ḟerr cid etir do ḟlaithseo, LL 278b49 .

In more generalized meaning of as to, as regards, as for : ceth Máolruoin nipo calad `as for M. he was not stiff', Mon. Tall. 135.24 . cid aidchi lúoin ma dorona `as to Sunday night, he is to do so if he can', 132.28 . ceith dand erán ┐ den seildind imbe `both as to the bread and the "selann" of butter', 151.24 . is cid Nuadu Necht . . . / romarb Eterscél . . . / . . . is cid Fergus mac Róig, LL 6429 ff. cid cath Ailbe as for, LL 4127 ( RC xxiii 312 ). cid C. dana as regards, TFerbe 326 . In later lang. somet. very vaguely applied. Cf. atbath cidh araill dibh dfuacht, FM iii 250.5 . ciodh iar ttriol `not long afterwards', 312.11 .

In later lang. somet. with supporting pron.: gidh é doighech na ndernann even the pang, IGT Decl. ex. 799 . cidh iad fiora F. tugadh éccendáil forra, FM ii 1042.x . ┐ gidh esidhe ni tearna uadh, v 1484.x . Meic Mh. fós—gidh iad ann, TD 4.15 (see note).

With subj. impf. of copula: gembad gar even for a short time, Met. Dinds. iv 52. 133 .

II With indic. (see Thurn. Gramm. 561 . As a rule con- cessive in this use, but cf. Wb. 16b9 cited below).

(a) With inf. pron. (on the form of 3 s. m. n. see Thurn. Gramm. 269 ): cinid arillset, Wb. 4c39 . ciasidroilliset `though they have deserved it', Ml. 77a15 . ni indráigne dúib cininfil lib it is no detriment to you that we are not with you, Wb. 16b9 . cenis pendid `though they do no penance', Mon. Tall. 135.13 .

(b) Where the sense does not require an inf. pron. a particle -(i)d- is infixed, if necessary by means of no- (see Thurn. Gramm. 269 , 324 -5). cerudglanta tribathis, Wb. 4a6 . ciarud chualatar ilbélre et cenuslabratar, 12d28 . cinidfil chairi linn, Ml. 30a2 . cenidfetarsa andliged nisin, 55d21 . ciaridberam a céill `although we express their sense', Sg. 26b2 . cenod filchotarsnataith etarru, 29b17 . cenodfil, 192b5 . quanquam .i. cinud, 17a3 . cenit fregart mac ind righ, Blathm. 96 § 24 . méti cénid chocerta, LU 8899 ( FB 68 ). Note also (with subj.): cinidaccastar `though he be not seen', Wb. 26a12 (see note).

Somet. without infix in O. Ir.: ciasbiursa deus etc., Wb. 2b18 . cerubaid fopheccad `though ye were', 3b19 . ciadurat som digail forassaru, Ml. 94c17 . ciabatar degtacrae les `though he had good arguments', Tur. 81 . So regularly in later sources: cení frecmairc coibsina `though he does not ask for confessions', Mon. Tall. 135.15 . cé dogénsam ainmne, Arch. iii 295 § 22 . gé ro sgoilt cuirr a chroidhe, Dán Dé xx 29 . gé 'tú, TD 25.42 . gé a-tád, DDána 3.32 . ge ro baoi, FM v 1734.13 .