later cin, can, gen, gin, gan (usual modern form). Prep.
with accus., leniting. See
GOI 111
,
273
,
501
.
chen,
Sg. 75a1
,
78b2
,
147b3
(so also chen(a)e (see below) regularly in
Sg. as against c- in Wb. and Ml., see
Thes. ii 154
). With
dat.
cen suidib,
Ml. 20d3
, and cf. cenaib with 3 pl. suff. pron.
below. With accus. in class. lang.:
a bheith gan bhú (: chlú),
O'R. Poems 252
. In later Vn. constructions of the type:
gan an bás . . . do dhol,
TSh. 2703
takes noun in nom.
(`takes art. + noun in the form of nom., as verbs do', TSh.
Gloss.). See
TD 3.15
and note.
Duan. F. iii s.v. gan.
For usage of late MSS. in matter of follg. lenition see
Aithd. D. s.v.
gan. cuiridh `gan' séimhioghadh, gion go
ttuigthear do gháoidheilg ┐ gion go habuirthear (sic) d'ogham
é,
IGT Introd. § 7
. In class. lang. does not prefix t to ṡ,
§§ 67
,
70
. Note alliteration in:
mé gan ṡeise ó ṡain a-nall,
DDána 77.3
,
gan ḟolta gan imreasainn,
70.16
.
With suff. pron. in O.Ir. only (apart from 3 s. cen(a)e,
cena, for which see below), and rare even here with no forms
occurring for 1 s. and pl. 2 s.
cenut,
Wb. 6b25
. 3 s. m. and
n. c(h)enae. 2 pl.
cenuib,
Wb. 9c2
. 3 pl.
cenaib,
Ml. 20d4
.
Later with follg. indep. pron. (in 3 pers. é, í, iat).
Orig. on this side of (see
GOI 501
,
Pedersen Vgl. Gr. ii 197
),
hence
apart from, besides
etc. (see I(a) and III below).
The usual meaning at all stages of the language is
without,
deprived of, not having, -less. Freq. with follg. Vn. with which,
in its verbal function, it serves as neg. particle (see II).
I
(a)
apart from, besides, except
: atá brithem and cenutsu
gl. omnes enim stabimus ante tribunal Dei,
Wb. 6b25
. atá
brithem lasuidib cenuib-si gl. Deus iudicabit,
9c2
. tāthut
bith[ḟ]laith . . . / cen a tír i fail do rúaim apart from,
Hail Brigit 26
. cé atchetha óinchairptech / . . . / fil mór d'echaib
. . . / cen suidi (-e, v.l.) nad aicci-siu besides him,
Imr. Brain
39
. ni ettis nech cena domanches except in the case of,
LU
3488
(
SCC 26
). i n-atconnarc . . . / bes atcoad cena slúag
in the absence of his army(?),
3323
(
SCC 11
). cen airitin a
cobsen `short of receiving his confession',
Mon. Tall. 147.30
.
(b)
without, not having, -less (of things, objects, persons):
buith cenchlaind,
Ml. 23d12
.
buith cen chomaccomla,
28d6
.
buid cen sétchi,
Wb. 10a17
.
cen intertpersin,
Sg. 161a4
.
ni farcbad nech cen dire la Fēne,
BCrólige 56
. ro sai cen
usci `returned without water',
RC xxiv 198.11
.
nī anab gan é
fēin,
Fianaig. 80.4
.
bheith don Bhanbha gan bhuachail,
TD 10.19
.
cin cennaib, cin tsúilib,
Maund. 174
.
(c) With noun as in (b) and follg. prep. indicating position,
accompaniment, possession: cennech n indib són `without
anyone in them',
Ml. 131d7
.
cenchaille fora ciunn,
Wb. 11c9
.
cengutai ṅetarru,
Sg. 7a4
.
cen chonsin re n-os
,
105b5
.
cenbriathra leo,
215a6
.
cona rabi aithles . . . cen mac i n-inad a
athar,
MU² 133
.
gan cheó ortha acht aghaidh each,
TD 11.12
.
(d) With abstracts (incl. vnn.):
cennach n-astud,
Ml.
15a15
. cen fodrúbu gl. sine deflexionum moris,
22a6
. cennach
n-indlach gl. sine ulla interruptione,
32a1
.
centosach cenforcenn,
110d15
. cen chumsanad gl. sine intermisione,
Wb.
25c23
.
trechosc conacarbi cenchinta,
27c6
. cen ḟortacht
indanmma aili (with subj. gen.),
Sg. 30a2
. eitir codlad ┐
cen cotlatt `whether he be asleep or awake',
Mon. Tall. 152.4
.
dia lleictir can imcoimet `if (such women) be let go without
guarding',
BCrólige 37
. In sense of
unimpaired by, untroubled
by etc. see
LU 2294
-
99
(
FA 35
).
cen nach tairmesc netir,
Hib. Min. 9.279
.
bás . . . cen bethaid,
PH 4320
.
tilid Éirinn gan
ainimh,
TD 10.11
.
'n-a adhbar rīg gan [fh]resabra,
ML² 30
.
gan í without it (umhla),
RSClára 158a
.
gan iad,
104b
. gan
amhrus
undoubtedly
,
Párl. na mB. 6
. gan mhoill
immediately
,
164
.
(e) With fis: cen fius scél uáibsi `without tidings from you',
Wb. 25a5
.
cenfius dúib,
25c4
.
cen ḟis cen airḟis,
Anecd. i
3.8
(
SCano 50
). cen a fis doibsom `without their knowledge',
Mon. Tall. 146.31
. gan fhios do féin unknown to himself,
unwittingly
,
Párl. na mB. 1385
. gurab gan fhios do ionnsuidh
Samson na Filistínigh
unexpectedly
,
TSh. 767
.
(f) Freq. in verse in chevilles and quasi-adj. phrases:
ind fir cen uaill,
Blathm. 13
.
slóig Íssu cen escur,
Fél.
Prol.
63
.
regmi cen nach díchiul,
291
. ceithre fedha, fāth gin
gheis . . . ,
ZCP viii 107.10
.
slōg ōss a ucht cen nach socht,
108.15
.
(g) With abstr. and follg. preposition:
cen fortacht nachaili
oco,
Ml. 53a9
. cenfochraic n dam gl. infructuosse,
91b5
.
cenchol, fair,
93d1
.
nā bī gan gart at gnīomh nglē,
ZCP viii
109.9
.
cen smacht ríg forro,
LU 3441
(
SCC 21
).
ó dho bhí
tuigse . . . ag an duine . . . ┐ gan í anois aige,
TSh. 2909
.
dia mbeth gan do righe la C. acht na nai righa . . . `if C. had
no realm save . . . ',
ZCP i 402.19
.
II In a variety of constructions with vnn.
(a) With Vn.
with verbal force, the whole phrase having the value of an
adj. or adv.:
nísechmalfam ní and centadal,
Ml. 25a3
.
canim[ebol] lib ambuid [li]b cenprecept doib ref. to ignorantiam enim Dei quidam habent,
Wb. 13c17
. it cairigthi inmaicsi
et intuistidi cendethidin dissi `when they do not take care of
her',
28d22
. cen tairmthecht opersin dialaili gl. intransitiuum,
Sg. 189a7
.
uar rombi ind fit . . . cin cumscugud,
Mon. Tall.
147.14
.
téora bliadna doib . . . cen teacht as,
Anecd. i 11.24
(
SCano 356
).
fada an treimhse ataid re a chois / gan tocht
dá dtíribh,
TD 4.38
.
soinend no doinend na haimsire do
bidh gan techt,
BCC 416.18
. fá h-ár gan áireamh it was a
slaughter incalculable,
ML 130.24
.
(b) With Vn. and obj. gen.: cenaéitsecht gl. non . . . audire,
Ml. 21b11
. batrom foraib són centíchtain átíre fadesin they
were distressed at not reaching their own land,
34d12
. cen
foraithmet ananmae . . . dam gl. ut etiam uocabula eorum
obliuioni tradam,
37c13
. cen a chomallad gl. sub Lege
(fuerunt),
76a15
. cid atobaich cendílgud cech ancridi gl.
quare non magis iniuriam accipistis?
Wb. 9c20
. cena aetarcne
riam gl. sine praeiudicio,
29a20
. cenacomol naich aili do
gl. `ipse' quoque in tertia persona per se,
Sg. 197b17
.
cen
imcabáil . . . cum nobis do epirt,
203a8
.
cia beith cen (gin,
MS) gabáil n-orbai,
Críth G. 69
. cen a coisecrad `without
being reconsecrated',
Mon. Tall. 153.15
. ō ro-gabus gāi im láim
nad-raba cen guin duini
I have never failed to slay a man,
Sc.M² 16
. bi gan a thabairt do not swear it (an oath),
PH
7343
.
gan oba gliadh,
TD 26.40
.
(c) With follg. noun or pron. and prep. DO with Vn. (for
case of noun in later lang. see above): foilsigthi feisin cen
ainm dothórmuch fris `without the addition of a noun to it',
Sg. 211a8
.
ma ro látar ce[n] ní do ḟacbáil leo,
Ériu xvii 66 § 4
.
afuine . . . / cenachnáma dobrissiud,
SR 3904
.
in fer nār
c[h]otail énoidchi ríam gan maithes Gall da innluccud da
dúintib,
ZCP viii 111.13
.
ata recht ocaind .i. cen luige do
thabairt,
PH 2684
.
can T. . . . do thegmail dó,
TTebe 987
.
gan é d'áireamh oramsa,
TD 14.9
. Similarly, without vn.:
trágh. ráth . . . , inann ┐ so sís acht gan so sís do bainindscne
except that the following are not feminine,
IGT Decl. § 38
.
gan mé aniogh san mhín mhaighrigh since I am not(?),
Studies 1921, 568 § 23
. With follg. acht in sense of
except
that, only
, etc.: gan acht coibhche . . . do dháil di `provided
he gave her a marriage-portion',
Keat. ii 4642
. gan é acht i
naois óiglenaib still of tender years,
O'Gr. Cat. 381.13
.
gan
acht neart aoidheadh orra,
Content. xxx 26
. do-ghéubha
tú sail ad tshúil féin 's gan achd brodh a súil Pharaon only
a mote,
Mac Aingil 904
.
In a number of exx. in the early lang., and with increasing
frequency in the later, the clause introduced by cen assumes
the character of a nominal clause functioning as the subject
or object of a verb, as a case governed by a preposition,
and occasionally even as a genitive depending on a noun.
For class. lang. see the analysis in TSh. s.v. gan.
(d) As subject of a verb:
isingir lem cenchretim dúib,
Wb. 4b28
. isaithiss doibsom cid anísiu .i. cenprecept dondaís
anfiss their failure to preach . . . discredits them,
13b11
.
cen
buith i bar ṅgnáissi / is mór fodom-glúassi,
Fél. Ep. 375
.
ba imned la F. cen acallaim na ingine F. was anxious to
speak with the girl,
TBFr. 155
.
fonascar fair can tudecht,
LU 5943
.
mad dia m-beith at cumang, a ben, ol C., in ghein
fil fat bruindi gan a breith có abhárach,
RC vi 175 § 55
.
ba dogessib conculainn cenadall fulachta diachathim,
iii
176.17
. ba col cen a choemna not to protect him,
Gorm.
March 15
.
ata is-in recht cen mnái do gabail i fhiadnaise,
PH 2794
.
nár dhamhsa gan dol red chois,
TD 14.32
. an
cóir gan síodh d'fhagháil uadh?
Aithd. D. 63.5
.
is truag
duind gan E. acar n-imdidin,
Stair Erc. 745
.
(e) As object: fobithin adrimet som deit su armelacht cen
arṅ ditin ni `not to protect us',
Ml. 129d22
.
madh ro achtaigh
cín ar, ┐ rohairedh,
Laws iv 132.25
.
fonaiscid C. forrosom
cen curadmir do chosnam,
LU 9025
(
FB 77
).
na lécob
d'Ultaib cen taidecht lim,
MU² 182
.
foracaib . . . can a
n-uilc do dígail dóib,
LU 3117
(see
Duan. F. iii 8
-
9
).
cid fodera . . . cen Crist do-t furtacht-su?,
PH 738
.
asbert an
file fris cen ní don bradan do tomailt,
RC v 201.23
.
gan
chrích Néill fút ná fulaing,
TD 6.16
.
do cheannuigh Dia . . . /
gan mo bheith i mbrugh Ifeirn,
Dán Dé v 45
. mar do chonn-cadar
cliatha na Cruithnigh gan iad féin líon cathuighthe ris that
they were not strong enough to fight him,
Keat. ii 1779
. orduighmid . . . gan labhairt dona Sethrachaibh `that the Sisters
keepe silence',
RSClára 102b
.
(f) With vbs. of
forgetting, preventing
, etc. the prep. merely
reinforces the meaning of the main verb: arnabé anfochell
leu cenatlugud buide diasoirad so that they may not neglect
to return thanks,
Ml. 117b7
. cenasechim gl. uestigia relinquere,
Sg. 30a20
.
rothairmisc . . . in scel sin fa P. . . . gan sid re
brathair,
TTebe 2767
.
a Bhē-binn, bean ar do mac / gan
mhnāi trīallfas dó tochmarc,
ZCP xiii 167.1
.
léigfeamaoid
dínn . . . gan teacht tarsa,
TSh. 294
`which we shall avoid treating of', Gloss. tug i ndearmad gan maith na n-Éireannach
do mhaoidheamh he has forgotten to,
Keat. i 56.25
. nīr
dhermait . . . in doirseóir gan in custam d'iarraidh ┐ d'fagáil
`the keeper did not neglect demanding and receiving it',
Fl. Earls 90.5
. Cf.
Ml. 25a3
cited under (a).
(g) As case governed by prep.: tré gan rabhadh do chur dho
through failing to warn him,
Content. xvi 71
.
fá gan fearthuinn
do dheanadh,
Donlevy 440.30
. déinig faire . . . chum gan tuitim
a ttemptásion so as not to enter into temptation,
Párl. na mB.
789
.
maille ré gan é d'fhaigsin,
TSh. 6387
.
(h) As gen.: d'easbaidh gan an creideamh do bheith aca
because they have no faith,
TSh. 4784
(where gan merely
reinforces meaning of easbhaidh). The phrase introduced
by gan is technically gen. also in: rún do ghlacadh gan tuitim
to resolve not to fall,
Donlevy 448.19
.
III With suff. pron. 3 s. m. n. c(h)ene, c(h)ena(e), ceni,
cheana (usual mod. form). On O.Ir. cene, cenae see
Pedersen Vgl. Gr.
i 346
. In class. verse may be stressed or unstressed,
Aithd. D. 25.19n.
(a) In more or less literal sense in addition to it, without
him or it, besides, apart from this. As shown by occas. exx.
of cenae referring to f. or pl. nouns the word had even in
O.Ir. begun to have the force of an indep. adv.
besides,
in addition, moreover, anyway
. In literal sense: huare is
lán chiall indib chenae gl. uerba non egent casu,
Sg. 140b3
.
ní laimtis cena they dared not omit to do it,
Sc.M² 20
, cf. ní
étaim-sea chena I cannot help it (gan a dheanamh, v.l.),
TBC-LL¹ 6080
. cía nocarainn cách chenae besides him,
Liad. and Cuir. 24.21
.
nícon bíad cenae,
24
`without him . . . it
will not live',
Murphy Lyrics 35.10
.
ceni beth nach aili isin
tig cenae acht hé a oenur,
BDD² 1086
`any other save he',
Gloss. ní fuil aurlabraidi . . . leo chenae besides him,
MU² 986
.
(b) In more general sense: cenitormastar homéit istrom
cenae ho aicniud in any case,
Ml. 20a20
. bamór fechtae cenae
`there were many times besides',
39a3
. legi enim Dei non est
subiecta (of sapientia carnis) .i. atá dethiden fuiri cene
`besides',
Wb. 3d34
.
barafie dúib darígente cene cenimmormus
nachmór,
11d5
. apronomen asberr eiusdem ┐ cach pronomen
dono chene `besides',
Sg. 203b1
. os me chene am faelid `I too',
Thes. ii 293.25
. at-béla chenaeo (sic),
BDD² 1438
`in any
case', Gloss. sáeilim nem cena I am looking forward to heaven
as it is,
BColm. 68.22
.
Following f. and pl. nouns: ni reccar ales dano epistle
uáibsi arrofitemmar cene `without it' (ref. to epistil, f.),
Wb.
15a5
. runsluinfemni didiu cene fanisin (ref. to epistolis),
15a4
. etar fileda ┐ áis ṅdénma sairse chenae `and other artists',
Sg. 212a11
. atethatár eóin damsa chena other birds will be
caught for me,
LU 3276
(
SCC 7
). ní lamhat eonu na fiadhmhilu
cena beth for an sliab sin `nor other wild animals',
ZCP i
254.6
.
(c) Hence of actions and states of being
already, previously
:
nírecat . . . les tintuda . . . ataat iltintudai leu cene,
Ml.
3a14
. tanice-side céne `He hath come already',
Wb. 4d26
.
adib eolaig and cene,
33c19
.
ar biid iouis cene nominatiuo
,
Sg. 99a3
.
ar ní thucad dó chena hí,
LU 3168
.
ag feoilgherradh
in ridiri ata marbh chena,
Stair Erc. 758
. cheana `alwaies'
(= hitherto, Ed.),
RSClára 81a
. ? Cf.
cheana no archeana
.i. o sin amach,
O'Cl.
(d) More vaguely as adv. of asseveration
moreover, indeed,
of a truth, then, so
(see PH, TSh.):
ni réid chene,
Sg. 238b1
.
saībse, céni, i m-bith chē,
Imr. Brain 45
`moreover',
Murphy Lyrics 39.13
. ní boí isin bith frisa samailte chena there was
indeed nothing with which it could be compared,
LU 3378
(
SCC 16
).
ceist cena . . . cid as áil dúib?,
MU² 332
.
ó racuala
in maith cena, cid ar ná cechlaind in saith?,
Airne F. 237
.
cia airm itá do thigerna-su chena ale?,
TBC-LL¹ 1418
. ní fitir
in challech nach do fhoigdi chena tánic in giIla that it was
not simply to beg the servant came,
Ériu i 132.81
.
leicem as
ar n imram . . . acht in chonair beras ar curach sind cheana,
YBL 87a44
.
nocha lám chena ná cos / do géba,
O'Gr. Cat.
367.17
. an chloch cheana . . . on the other hand,
TSh. 64
.
gidhedh chena,
BCC 124.30
. With ocus at beg. of sentence:
┐ chena bid lat ┐ lad chlaind co brath in rigi,
RC xxiv 200.14
.
┐ cena ni . . . ,
TTebe 4293
. V. freq. with prec. acht: acht
chena is . . . ,
LU 3914
(
SCC 43
). acht chena ro-diultais etc.,
PH 601
. acht cheana do ghabhadar etc.,
Párl. na mB. 3947
.
acht atā ni cena moreover,
ZCP viii 111.14
.
Cf. archena, olchena.
IV Freq. with follg. co as conjunction
without that, though
. . . not, in some uses replacing O.Ir. ceni. Not found in O.
Ir. glosses. See
Phil. Soc. Trans. 290 § 56
. cenco is perh. rather to be explained from *ceni-co, O'Rahilly,
Celtica ix 113
-
34
. In class.
Ir. gion etc. go (see DDána), which appar. no longer felt as
containing the prep. cen (gan). Form somet. influenced by
cían (céin), q.v.
(a)
without that, apart from the case that, because of the
fact that not (with indic. and subj.): bid messu dúib . . . céin
co tísaid lim it will be the worse for you if you do not come with
me,
LU 8082
(
FB 6
). ní eicsind uile cenco cumhsanaind icca
aisneis ria mbrath I could not relate it all short of keeping
at it till doomsday,
Ériu ii 136 § 120
. gén cu taibre ar hanmuin
/ let a talmain nisbera short of giving it (worldly goods?) for
your soul,
228.17
. cumma lem etir / cen co tīas ilLaighnib
I care not at all if I go not into L.,
ZCP viii 110.8
. cóir, cen
co beth biad ocut `right then is it that food should fail thee',
PH 1312
. nír bó toil do A. sin, gen gur triall la hI. do Roimh
A. was unwilling not to go with I. to Rome,
BNnÉ 4.25
.
Usually
though . . . not.
(b) With indic. Rare in older lang.: cenco n-acatár though
they did not see (her),
LU 10010
. cín co fetar cia tu though I
don't know who you are,
RC v 200 § 15
.
achd gin gur fheith
iad,
DDána 3.29
.
comhla gen go bī (sic leg.) rem baeis,
ACL iii 236 § 9
. gion gur chomhmaoidh sin though she
boasted not of it,
Dán Dé ii 5
.
gion go ttuigthear do gháoidheilg ┐ gion go habuirthear d'ogham é,
IGT Introd. 5.1
.
gin co fuil,
CF² 585
.
cin co híbhitt na Serrisdínig fín,
Maund.
61
. gin cur chaith . . . caithfet-sa `though no one has eaten',
Ériu iii 158 § 10
.
génco faicidhisi é,
RC xxiv 371.26
.
gion
go ffaicfit mo chorp . . . docífitt m'fiorta ┐ mo miorbuile,
BNnÉ 267 § 235
(fut. replacing subj.?). Cf. gion go bhfaicfear
(-cthear, v.l.
).
Dán Dé v 35
.
(c) With subj.: acht ropom airdricse, maith lim cen co
bend būan acht ōenlāa even though I should live only one day,
TBC-I¹ 572
.
cen cop mōr mo thuasa,
Mór M. 6
.
cen co pat
comṡáeglaig,
Airne F. 19
. cenco n-essara though you eat not,
Sc.M² 3
. as a rad ata a nadmaim cin co be saying untruthfully that it is . . . ,
Laws iv 52.30
. cian combat lia iar n-umir
though they be not more in number,
Rawl. 70b22
. ra raidsebair
cenco tucaind ar áis doberaind ar écin that I would take it
willy-nilly,
LL 7685
(
TBC-LL¹ 150
). cia fogabad cenco fagbad
whether he got it or not,
7328
.
cen co dernad,
CRR 18
. cinco
dernadais na Masilecdha do maith . . . acht . . . if the M. did
no other good than . . . ,
CCath. 1751
.
gion go dtí riomsa
. . . / Dia do dhearmad,
Dán Dé xxv 9
. do rígh gion go
rabhtha id mhac even wert thou not a king's son,
DDána 91.15
.
Occas. with loss of negative sense: gion go mbiadh gnúis
gheanamhail . . . ag fear na ceilge though the deceiver should
have. . . ,
TSh. 8965
(see Vocab.). atá ár sáith d'íoc againn
gin gurab deired dúinn féin taréis na deithbire so `though
immediately upon termination of this quarrel we ourselves too
made an end',
Caithr. Thoirdh. 119.24
.