voc. part. leniting. In O.Ir. frequ. á (see Celtica ii 339 - 40 ). See GOI § 248 , Ériu ix 92, 85 . á fir, Wb. 10a10 . á dǽ, Ml. 119a13 . a phop[ui]l, Wb. 10c20 . á huili duini .i. a cach duini `O all man i.e. O every man' 1c8 . a chossa, 12a33 . a galatu burpu, 19b4 . a huili chenéla, Ml. 67b17 . a thvsv gl. o mea tu, Sg. 204b6 . a ch[l]éirchén chochlaich, AU i 224.1 (758) . a Chu Chulaind a cathbúadaig Breg, LU 8145 ( FB 11 ). a Fhroích, TBFr. 379 . a chliar sa, BNnÉ 288.7 . a dhuine, TSh. 164 . a dhreach dhonn, Aithd. D. 54.5 .

With intervening poss. adj.: a mo aine a mó chland, Sg. 204b2 . a mo phopa Láig, TBC-LL¹ 652 . ammo phopa Ḟingin, 4311 . In a few early exx. a is apparently omitted before mo, see ZCP xix 365 . a mo is not found in classical verse and the few late exx. found in translation literature may be due to English influence (but see Celtica xxiv 247 n. 42 ): a mo anoim, Desid. 2411 . a mo anuim, 2419 . a ar nAthair, Parrth. Anma 765 . a mo Ṡethracha, RSClára 47a .

geminating particle used before numerals when predicative or substantival and not otherwise defined, see GOI 243 , 679 ; SGS v 42f. a hoen, a dó, a trí trel / a do friu conid cuicḟer, SR 741 . a deich, Fél. Oct. 9 v.l. nach sal aslénna ainech duini biit a trí ocá díunuch, Críth G. 308 . cis lir fodhla for cintaib . . . a secht, Laws iv 240.1 . a tri inda degaid cach caocait, Mon. Tall. 140.30 (§ 33) . arna hathleagad fecht for a sé i.e. seven times, CCath. 4679 . atáid a dó dheag re a n-áireamh, TSh. 1554 . cá mhéid obair . . . ann? a cethair deug, Donlevy 194.23 . a cūig dhíobh ar son esbuidhe na hegluise ┐ an sesiodh . . ., RSClára 152b . Particle omitted in: ó óen co a cóic, Auraic.² 51 § 6,3 . quae sunt unum et duo et tria, et simul sex fiunt gl. óin ... dáu a trian a trí alleth á sé, Thes. ii 31.27 .

prep. with dat., geminating out of, from . In O.Ir. glosses frequ. á (see Celtica ii 239 - 40 ). See GOI § 834 . The usual form before nouns is a: a corin[tib], Wb. 7c18 . a ppecad, 3b3 . a persin, 4c23 . a rrath, 12a7 . a rrangabáil, Sg. 196b5 . a llatin, Ml. 3a15 . a mmedón, Tur. 72 . á óensonaib, Wb. 12a10 . In later lang. also as(s): as talomh, Fl. Earls 112.29 . as Éirinn, Rel. Celt. ii 182.13 (see Desid. xxxiv ). Before proclitics as(s). With article: assin folud, Wb. 9c10 . asind óinrainn, Sg. 197a17 . as tír, BDD² 435 . as tig, 544 . Note also: as cech ṡét, Thes. ii 320.3 .

With poss. adj. 1 s. as mo chuimriug, Wb. 23b7 . 2 s. as do, Sc.M² 11 . ast, 12 . 3 s. assa, Wb. 2c7 . 20d13 . asa, 25d16 . 1 pl. asar, Wb. 15c24 . 2 pl. as for, LU 8551 (H) ( FB 41 ). 3 pl. assa, MU² 276 . asa, 390 .

With suffixed pron. 1 s. asum, ZCP vi 285.8 . 2 s. essiut, RC xiv 188.z . 3 s. m. and n. ass, Wb. 29b15 . as, Ml. 36c20 . es, RC xxv 346 § 2 . 3 s. f. essi, Ml. 85c14 . esse, 113d2 , 131c14 . eissi, Sg. 196b2 . esti, PH 197 . eisti, BDD² 1405 . este, ZCP vi 81.4 . aiste, TSh. 4477 . 3 pl. essib, Wb. 12a10 , b23 . Ml. 87b18 . eissib, Sg. 190a1 . esib, 51b11 . estib, PH 2878 . eistib, ML² 1478 . asta, TSh. 2791 .

With rel. as(s)a n-: asatoróimed, Wb. 11a19 . See GOI § 834 , IGT Introd. § 100 (25.12) .

I Expressing motion, out of, from: oc techiud a rroí, Críth G. 539 . co rróimid topar husci ass, Trip.² 93 . fuil totmad (leg. totma(e)?) a crann a wound sustained in falling from a tree, Laws v 362.z . in ti bis for imrama a inad d'inad from place to place, Laws iv 36.12 Comm. coillti an talman do thuitim as a premaibh will be uprooted, RC xxviii 312 § 9 . luid fer a cath, BColm. 94.15 . facbuid-si asin tir-si leave this land, RC xiv 56 § 69 . na fuirighedh a Temraig ach imthiged asti co hobann, Ériu iii 170 § 29 . co cuala géim bó ic tiachtain al-loch Ṡithgail `out of Loch S.', Dinds. 155 ( RC xvi 270 ). rosái assen dia thigh, RC xviii 184.28 . atracht focétóir in marb a bás, RC ii 390 z . no ássad bolgg corcra assa etun a purple blister would grow out of his forehead, Ériu iv 32.3 . With impers. vb. ní thig asta `they do not shrink' (of shoes), O'Rah. xviii 24 . Without accompanying verb: do rigne Dia firt . . . .i. in topur husci asin talmain, Trip.² 96 . cúiseach bind asa bēalaibh sweet piping from her lips, Ériu iv 174. § 8 . asa tuaisciurt inda deiscert `(to go) from the North (of it) to the south (of it)', Mon. Tall. 133. 22 (§ 17) . do chuir se iarraidh ar thigerna A. . . . as Eirinn chuige `sent to the laird of A. to come to him from Ireland', Rel. Celt. ii 182.13 .

In complement of object of transitive verbs: with various transitive verbs (see also under several vbs.): tóbe uitiorum assa anmin `the cutting of vice out of his soul', Wb. 2c7 . aní asatorbatha `that out of which they have been cut', 5b39 . . . . benus do ṡūil as do chinn, ACL iii 308, z . ni béram ass gl. nec aufferre quid possimus ( 1 Timothy vi 7 ), Wb. 29b15 . dobert . . . dí báe déc . . . assint shíd, TBFr. 6 . an ghairbhiachtach . . . chuirid asta which they emit, TSh. 6705 . tarslaic Petrum a slabreid released Thes. ii 304.1 (Hy. i). is as do leigi iat (of shots), as a ninat . . ., Laws iv 226.17 . atdobrarbadse a tír Hérenn you have been banished from Ireland, BDD² 416 . ar ndichur a nGall esib, Ann. Conn. 1338.4 . hoc a tafonn (ac a cur v.l.) asa gort driving it out of his field, ACL iii 2.8 . gabais . . . daur . . . assa frēnaib, Sc.M² 18 . dasrenga ais `drew it out', Mon. Tall. 150.29 (§ 61). is cían rosraeined amach / Iudaich a crīch Rōmānach, ZCP viii 115.17 . dá sraoilleadh . . . as a chéile, TSh. 5696 . di loscud a thige . . . di gait as—a leth di gait ind for stealing from it . . . for bringing stolen property into it, Críth G. 123 . tonindnaig . . . leithi in chon dó assa laim chlí gives him . . . with her left hand, RC iii 177.5 . adetha C. assa láim, 6 . do urail S. a cengal as scotaib ceathra sdet `ordered him to be bound to the tails of 4 steeds', ITS xix 100.7 . gairfidh Íosa uair nó dó / as an talmhain a dteasdó, Dán Dé xiv 9 .

Common in 3 s. n. as adv. with verbs of going, etc. tíagait ass na teachta-sin depart, Sc.M² 4 R . documlát ass do Chrúachnaib, TBFr. 42 . amal ossa is amlaid rorathatar ass they ran like deer, Ériu iii 141.208 . imsái as in mac the boy turns away, Ériu i 116 § 5 . Hence with verbs of going, etc. escapes: 'san domnach dodechaid ass / a broinn in bledhmil Ionas, Ériu iii 144 § 14 . bualadh Tairrdelbaig . . . acht cena terno som ass, RC xviii 35.27 . ní dechaidh as gan gabāil nō gan marbadh acht Sir Gyi . . ., ZCP vi 72.12 . creid nách fhuil dul as ar domhan agad ót olc shíordhuidhe, Mac Aingil 1857 . Related meanings. Dies, comes to an end: dia ndech nech dībh as `departs' (this life), Marco P. 140 . din ló dochúaid Cerball ass, RC xx. 12 § 20 . ni ragha in la-su ass `this day will not go by', CCath. 3573 . na heirig ass co madain / do deacraib rig in richid (sic leg., ed.) do not cease till morning from (recounting) the wonders of the king of heaven, Ériu v 26.22 . co n-erlai [int archaingel] a rrecht ind ríg `forsook the law', Ériu ii 108 § 22 . With other verbs in idiomatic phrases: not-ber as dom' inchaib get thee out of my sight, ZCP i 105.1 . beir as tú `escape' Keat. iii 3246 . tucsat as in oidhchi-sin co himsnímach spent that night, Fianaig. 52.17 . a bheatha do thabhairt as go measardha to lead a life of moderation, TSh. 268 . ruccsatt ass amhlaidh sin ifoimhdin aroile they continued, Hugh Roe 288.17 (fo. 76a) . ni rug og na sen a comfad-so as damh riam gan toitim lium `held out against me', ZCP vi 101.7 . cuir ass na dorchu tuccais expel the darkness thou hast brought, Anecd. iii 35.17 . ata si arna cur as anois `it is now destroyed' (of a city), Maund. 43 . a lecan as, he was set free, RC xviii 283.15 . leicem as ar n-imram let us give up, RC xxvi. 136 § 9 . leig as 'athair cease, father, Ériu iv. 51 § 7 . do lēic ech in rīgh ar a glūinibh hī . . . ┐ nīr fēdadh as hī she could not be got out of that position, ZCP xiii 182.31 . Without accompanying vb. (freq. as ipv.) ass, a duine, ar éat `get out, O man!' (be off), Fél. 184.6 . as tír duit get thee out of the land, RC xxv 24.6 . as as bhar Fraoch get hence, get hence, said F. ML 124.13 . asa sin doibh, Rel. Celt. ii 178.3 . aisidhe dhó co Tulaig na C. thence he went, ZCP xiv 259.8 . In phrase: ní has dó there is no escape for him, he has no chance of escape (see O'Rahilly, Celtica i 348 ): ma commhor th'eucht led bhriathruibh, ni has dhamhsa if your deeds are on a par with your words there is no escape for me, Luc. Fid. 344.12 . ni has dh'aoinneach aguibh there is no escape for any of you, 284.15 . nach bu has dh'iachtaranuibh no dh'uachtaranuibh, 260.22 . ní has d'Éirinn eatorra between them Ireland has no escape, DDána 92.7 . In phr. as ┐ ind: do ḟeitheam a long . . . as ┐ ind `to watch his vessels (going) out and (coming) in', Dinds. 135 ( RC xvi 142.6 ). cloictheach . . . ┐ eoin duba . . . ind ┐ as `passing into and out of it', RC xvii 394.y .

II Expressing origin, source.

(a) from, originating in: a grec anísiu `from the Greek' Sg. 148b14 . assin tein atgládastar `out of the fire he addressed him', Thes. ii 318.4 (Hy. ii). ba hingnád aisec asind inut sin (.i. a détaib in chon allaid), Trip.² 148 . in port asa n-accai Patraic inna naimtiu, 1500 . bá foderc dó . . . assa imduí, LU 8219 ( FB § 16 ). nír faei i tig as mbi eggna suillsi tenead, BDD² 175 . is hí ro hic súil ind ríg / a topor Locha Dá líg, IT i 131.29 . is a Hérind anair, MU² 513 . secht mile as so `seven miles from here', ZCP vi 295.7 . co fesamar can as tucad till we know whence it was brought, Ériu i 46.10 . ni fes can as tánic `whence it came', RC xviii 302.7 . a tírib hIndía do, PH 820 . niamh ḟíona a hór (drunk) from a gold goblet, DDána 119.25 . from (of a number out of a group): mart as gach creich, muc as gach crú, caora as gach trét, BNnÉ 265 § 230 . sé ar fichit a Huib Neill `six and twenty of the Húi Néill', RC xxiv 202. 14 . Of the ground of proof from: is follus as for ng[n]imaib ni dligthi comardad fris etir, LU 8551 ( FB 41 ). follus asna scélaib-so Colmáin it is clear from these stories about Colman, BColm. 102, 12 . is esti demniges, PH 2185 . créad is iontuigthe as sin, TSh. 161 .

With various vbs.: nī contesba banne ass `not a drop was wanting therefrom', Thes. ii 348.3 (Hy. v). a tír asa tairidnither `from the land out of which (the water) is drawn', Ériu xvii 68 § 8 . cid asa fordailtea grád túa[i]the? what is the basis of the different grades of the `túath'? Críth G. 6 . rí rodelb eisse cach ṅduil, SR 25 . asnabbrad hi sennathib `whence it was said', Fianaig. 30.13 . rofiarfaigh dib crēd asa fuaradar an cís aingid sin, RC x 185.y . gach ainm eile . . . nach sloinntear as tarbh, Maguires of F. 45 .

(b) Hence introducing the instrument or cause of an action, etc. by, with, because or by reason of: a faill do denam for being neglectful, Laws iv 50.10 . ro bendach Pátraic asa díb lámaib in Machai with his hands, Trip.² 2799 . asa réir budesin of his own accord, Ériu i 219 § 7 . as mothoil féin `of my own will', RC xiii 272.6 . nach maith dogni duine asa chorp isin domun any good thing a man does with his body, Ériu vii 172.y . Cluain maic Nois d'argain . . . a comairle Muirchertaig, on M.'s advice, RC xviii 30.25 . is a radurc atconnairc Ith . . . Slébe Irruis deiscirt, Ériu iv 142.16 . roslen Nél assa lurg, by means of his track, Metr. Dinds. iii 404.13 . cia mod as a mbrisend recht in what way, PH 2588 . do-rinne an tshoil cumhachda gáoidhilgi ortha as ar cóir do chomhardadh íad by reason of which, IGT Introd. 11.16 . lot mh'anma a silleadh na súl / do rinneadh, Dán Dé ix 4 . a caingean Dé do diúltadh, IGT Decl. ex. 1355 . mellaid mōr duini asa dath / gid buidi in t-ōr is otrach, ACL iii 238 § 16 . Note also: ragat gussin Rōimh as go ffuilēngat croch ┐ cēssadh, Fl. Earls 206.25 ; whereby they will suffer Celtica ix 117-18 . Cf. 8.18 , 170.8 . With créd: créd dorinne sí asa rabhus di marsin what she had done that they were treating her thus, Ériu v 168.82 . créad as nach adhradh . . . na dée mar chách why, Keat. ii 5393 . With adv. as: is as tugadh Nár air this is why he was called N., 3645 .

(c) Introducing the name of a language: ainm an inaidh sin . . . a Gaeidheilcc in Irish, Maund. 57 . laphruiss . . . assin bérla glan ghrécach in the pure Grecian tongue, Anecd. i 34.70 . berla na filed asa n-acaillit cach dib aroile wherein they all address each other, Auraic. 200 .

III Miscellaneous uses.

(a) In sense of attached to, compos- ed of, in etc. : amal bīs tuir már oc fulang tige ┐ illāma esti, Corm. Y 1224 . ro-lēcis gaī form-sa co-rrabae as mo scíath `so that it stuck in my shield', Sc.M² 11 . cipe [no beth] démnach asa mér no asa brága whoever was possessed by a demon in his finger or in his throat, RC ii 400 § 40 . a edach delradach . . . imi, as a ndenad idbarta do Baich `in which he was wont to offer sacrifices', TTebe 2842 . gu bhfaiceabh asin coluinn-si Dia, ITS xix 92.6 . Cf. rí sithamail asa flaithes in respect of, Rawl. B 512 fo. 69d .

(b) After vbs. expressing recognition, etc. : atgénammár asa samail in fer sin, LU 6805 ( FB 46 ). cinnas do aith[g]ēnmais in degmnái . . . asa deilb ┐ asa costud, a tlás, a fos, a féile, ZCP viii 112.22 . misi do aimsigh Eabha / as a basuibh bairrgheala / 's as a derc ramhoill raglais, Ériu iv. 112.26 - 27 . ad-mestar asa toirthib talmain, ZCP xi 94 § 33 . ? a samlaib én n-etarlúamain, LU 8628 ( FB 47 ) (rhet.).

(c) After vbs. of bathing, washing: do-dheochaid co mbricht neimhe lé do Frāech corusfothraic ás . . . a arma he bathed his weapons in it, ZCP xiii 175.6 . doluid Cuchulaind dia bualad asna huscibsin, TBC-I¹ 2742 . nocho raibi husce ocai asa ndénad in bathis, Trip.² 91 . ro tinsain usce . . . conid as ronig a derc with it he washed his eye, Dinds. 64 ( RC xv 462 ). usce asa negar Grip, ZCP iii 214.14 . roghonais mo dhalta / rodergais as t'fhogha thou hast reddened thy spear in his blood, BS 12.14 .

(d) After vbs. of paying, exchanging, etc. dobertha a chutroma d'or ┐ d'argat ass, Hugh Roe 220.3 (fo. 58b) . diass as in cethramuin ┐ da bho as an bfer nach fuighthi dibh .i. bó as in duine ┐ bo as in éidegh, L. Chl. S. 31 . tainic Ciaran dá fhuascladh, ┐ tucc moran oir ┐ argait ass in return for him, BNnÉ 117.27 . dober braighi maith duit asum fein `I will bring thee a good hostage for myself', ZCP vi 70.15 . dlighe do dhíol as, TSh. 10084 .

(e) After words expressing hope, trust, doubt etc. : go ndearna dall / dóigh as an té do thoghsam, Dán Dé iv 26 . as do thrócuire atá ar ndóchas, xix 21 . thairisi asa deghgnimradhaibh féin, CCath. 330 . an neimhiocht gnáthach do bhí aige as féin `it was sad that his brother always had a suspicion of him', his usual mistrust for him, Keat. ii 2504 . bith cunntaphuirt agut asi[n] nduine aithenus tu `be on your guard against', Ériu v 136 § 93 . etir cin co fiss / no co n-anfiss ass, ACL iii.222.30 .

(f) After vbs. of boasting, etc. : dia maide as a shúalchib, PH 4855 . itā mo chorp 'na c[h]amra / cid uaibrech as m'urlabra, ACL iii 239 § 34 . rom-moltar ar cech feib as mo ghail, ZCP v 503.24 . créad as a ndéine díomus, TSh. 633 .

IV In later lang. also of time from, since: ní nach dearnadh as mo nua ná as mo naoidheantacht ariamh riom, ML 100.14 . fer na dechaid asa naindin riam gan cenn Connachtaig lais `from his childhood', ZCP i 103.1 . asa naidendacht `from his infancy', RC ii 386 § 9 . sé is (leg. as) th'óige ort / [is] móide ar an ḟolt mh'fiafraighidh that thou hast it since thy youth increases my wonder (?) at the hair, DDána 114.2 . asa tosuch from the beginning, Ériu iv 214.18 . nambered cách a huair dena maccleirchib dochum a tige leo `would take him home in turn', Ériu ii 222.24 .

In prep. phrases, see aithle, céile, ucht, etc. In adv. phrase see núa.

v (* ad-sluind-, Pedersen Vgl. Gr. ii 632 ). invokes, appeals to: adsluindim gl. appello, Thes. i 498.18 . adsluindiu a chéstu, Fél. Ep. 320 ( O'Dav. 81 ). nóebainm Petair apstail / atsluindi cech senad, Prolegomena 110 . Iohain Baptaist adsluinnem `we invoke', Thes. ii 301.4 ( Hy. i 15 ). gura assloind a fhialas 'n-a fhiadnaisi .i. Colum Cilli . . . d'oilemain a athar he appealed to his relationship to him, MR 246.24 .

Vbl. of necess.: ba asluinti ┐ ba gesse do gach duini Coimdi nime, ZCP iii 448.12 .

Vn. aslonnud.

n f. height: From Lat. altitudo, Wortk. 172 a.¤ .i. ab altitudine , Corm. Y 30 = alt, Thr. Ir. Gl. 2 . a.¤ .i. úasal, O'Cl. síasair suide eōin i n-a.¤ , Thes. ii 327.13 ( Hy. v 1 ) .i. in altitudine, 31 . arddi ┐ aithi na freiscisen fil o duini co Dia toirnes a ha.¤ .i. a hairddi, Rawl. 70a20 . .lxx. cubat i na.¤ in múir, .xx. a lait (sic), Rawl. 71b17 . romarb in leomhan . . . isind a.¤ móir `in the great glen', TTr.² 50 . tre ailltibh arda, ZCP vi 290.23 . a n-ailltibh ┐a n-uamaibh na talman, Stair Erc. 1699

See 2 alt.

n f. Also anaim(m). See GOI 214 . In O. Ir. decl. fluctuates in sg. but is always that of an n-stem in pl. n s. ind ainim , Wb. 3d11 . Ml. 130c9 . anim, Wb. 16a21 . animm, 31b26 . anaim, Ml. 116b9 . a s. anim, Wb. 4a27 . anmain, 30a2 . anmuin, 31b12 . g s. inna anme , Wb. 25c26 . anmae, Fél. Ep. 117 . d s. animm, Wb. 4a27 . anim, 30c3 . anmin, 2c7 . anmain, Fél. Jan. 24 . n p. anmin, Wb. 8b3 . a p. anmana, Wb. 2b5 . g p. anman, Wb. 24d14 . d p. anmanaib, Wb. 24d13 .

Later also anam f. ( d s. and n p. anmain. g s. anman), IGT Decl. § 8 . m. and f. ( d s. and n p. anmain. g s. na hanman , an anman ), § 19.m. (g s. and n p. anaim), § 11 . anum m. (g s. and n p. anuim), § 17 .

(a) soul (as oppd. to corp body): issí ind ainim as airlam do chomalnad recto dé ní in corpp, Wb. 3d11 . corrop nóib for nanim in hómun dǽ, 16a21 . menme, corp, animm, imbráti, gnímæ, 31b26 . eterscértar a coirp et a n-anmin friu, 8b3 . beo a ainm i fos beo a anuaim (.i. a anim) thall `living his name here living his soul there', ACC 99 ( RC xx 274 ). treide na hanma .i. iracibilis ┐ concucibilis ┐ rationabilis , O'Curry 2226 ( Eg. 88 fo. 16(17)c ). in cuingid . . . do gní in ainim ic iarraidh gach raeta `enquiry which the mind makes', Laws i 36.8 Comm. ar tuaslucud anmæ brandaib `to obtain the release of the soul of Brandub', Mon. Tall. 133.29 (§ 18) . forith . . . ind soscele . . . inda hanmanna frisa tocbar `the gospel helps the souls of those towards whom it is lifted up', 162.9 (§ 85) . ainimme na noem gl. corda electorum, LB 67b38 . astoidet anmann inna noeb, Ériu ii 142 § 155 . mairg anmain nā faichledar / breisim lāi brātha brīgaig, iii 30 § 13 . bātar tra demain ┐ aingil ic imchosnum 'mon anum ō dos-carsat frisin corp hē, ACL iii 226.9 . comhrac éinfhir ní háil dí / 's an t-anam gan fhear páirte, Dán Dé xxii 27 . blodh do phéin an anaim, IGT Decl. ex. 720 . mo mhaitheas uile acht mh'ainim / a roinn is edh ordoighim, ex. 902 . gan deghain do ghrádh a ccorp nó a ccaomh-anmann, AFM vi 2172.24 . ar anmain for the sake of the soul of: dia thidnacul ar m'anmain do náemaib (of valuables), LU 9631 . duini is mo dobered d'etach ┐ d'innmus ar a anmain a nErind, RC xvii 407.22 (Tig.). udbuirt ar anmuin, Laws v 212.2 . tir atoiberar (sic leg.) do eclais ar anmuin, 314.17 . In phrase spirut anma see spirut II (a).

(b) life: i céin robói a anim and while he was alive, RC iii 181.34 . slán acht ní eple ainim de, Laws iii 448.y Comm. is é rocosain m'anam (sic MS.) dam `saved my life', ZCP vi 67.17 . roiar Sisian a anum don fomoir `asked him to spare the giant's life', 294.12 . robdar buidhigh do rochtain a n-anmann leó, AFM vi 1926.18 . an rígh do bheir párdún a anma dón bhraighe bhíos damanta, Eochairsg. 78.1 . tabhair ainim im eachaib give life to my horses, SG 26.34 . do cuireadh anum isin pobal (= populum animatum reddebam), ITS xix 28.24 . réod ar ndol a anma as `the frost has yielded its strength', KMMisc. 172 § 24 . nír chaith . . . ní ina raibhe spiorat no anam (i.e. he was a vegetarian), BNnÉ 74 § 133 . co n-anmain having life, alive: sétrad ngarit . . . ní fuil co n-anmain nach molta / romtha a rath there is nobody with a soul who would not be praised (by it), Thurn., Thurn. Zu Ir. Hss. 74 § 3 . M. . . . / macc a āisse as ḟerr co n-anmain, Bruchst. i 14 § 24 . atraig cach oen co anmain, SR 8250 . ge bé creidis co n-anmaín firmly(?), BB 36a7 . In phr. fo-ácaib cen anmain: goras-fhāgaibh gan anmain hé 'killed him', BDC 262.651 . foceird-sim ... urcur di sleigh fuirri ... corus farcaib cen anmain, RC v 200y . ro ghabsat leit do na ruamaib bátar ina lámaib ina chenn co fargsat cen anmain é, SG i 396.17 . In greeting or benediction: maith, a m'anum, a Chormaic, Acall. 3285 . See also Celtica iii 268 - 9 . tabair, a m'anam, a gilla, in ingin ut, 3330 . maith ám a m'anim, a Chathbad, LL 171a50 . m'anam-sa an bhuidhean nár fríth i gcruadhtan fann, Hackett v 1 . In formula used by vanquished in appealing for quarter: anmain i nanmain .i. anacal `life for life', Ériu xvi 38.1 and p. 41 note 6 . anmain i n-anmain a Chu Chulaind or se, LU 9123 ( FB 87 ). anmain a n-anmain, RC xi 450.123 . In association with enech, see 1 enech, ainech II (a). In sense of living creature, animal: is si a fochreicc anam cach dine no cach mil immidrēt cachala blīa[dain] an animal for every herd (price paid for use of path to drive stock through somebody else's land), Corm. Y 1082 .

In compds. anm-, see separate articles.

n iā, f. (1 áith).

(a) In physical sense sharpness: acutus .i. áithæ, Sg. 108a4 . co ntescfad finna . . . ar athi ┐ ailtnidecht, LU 6432 (TBC). claideb . . . ara géri ┐ ara áthi, TTr.² 1001 .

(b) Extended uses. Of mental processes: arddi ┐ aithi na freiscisen fil o duini co Dia, Rawl. 70a20 . tria á.¤ . . . A. `Scharfsinn', Alex. 141 . nār fētatar forni feróglach fulung i n-urc[h]omair a āithi, Fianaig. 94.14 . seiftness, lightness: ar áthi ┐ imétrummi im-tháncatar so swiftly and lightly have they travelled, MU² 566 . ra léic úad . . . feib ra léiced dlaí omthaind bar áthi ┐ étrummi (of a pillar-stone), 650 . as seabhac úas aill me ar glice ┐ aithe ┐ nert, Leb. Gab.(i) 264 n.1 .

ind ced as fogailse do duini . . . anbata (a.¤, enbatu v.l.) brīathar . . . ced is imgabt[h]ai . . . fāitbi brīathar, ZCP iii 449.10 = enfaitiu mbriathar, Lism. L. 4541 .

v (*ar-coll-)

(a) prohibits, forbids, bars, inhibits: cen lepaid aracuili liaig which a leech does not recognize, Críth G. 55 . feli napstal i samchorgos ni aurchoil som inn figill `he does not forbid the vigil', Mon. Tall. 145.15 (§ 48) . andand donetarrat míaccobar . . . ma atrocuil am menme nad cometesta dó if the mind forbids that one should indulge it(?), 151.11 (§ 62) . cid nocht-selaind i ndomnaigib . . . ni aurchaill he does not forbid it, Rule of Tallaght 3 . arcuilter he is forbidden (excluded from the community?), Ériu ii 208.4 (one who travels on Sunday).

Freq. in Laws (text) indicating (categories of) persons and things excluded from the operation of legal processes of various kinds: atait secht foruis . . . arachuille coir n-athgabala there are seven pounds for cattle which the legality of distraint excludes i.e. there are seven illegal pounds for cattle, Laws v 266.19 . secht treaba . . . ariscuille coir urnadhma aithne, 160.1 (i.e. valuables deposited in a kiln, a forge, etc. where they are easily destroyed do not come under the ordinary rules for `aithne'). atait secht treba . . . aracuille coir urnadma comloi[g]the, 166.1 .i. is urcuillti . . . do reir coir, 7 Comm. atat da fer dec . . . arroscuile cain otrusa `whom the law of nursing excludes', BCrólige 12 . atat .iii. tarsu[i]nn arachuile cain othrusa, 25 , cf. trí tharsuinn archuillet othras, Triads 184 . nach fer eclusa aracuile cain otrusa, BCrólige 20 . acht m[a] arachuille (sic leg. ?) cleircecht no enudha unless it does not apply because of his being in orders, Laws iii 62.5 . tri meich bracha cen on . . . ara-cuilli(u) eric do flaith three sacks of malt without a fault . . . which exempt from payment of a fine to a lord, ZCP xiv 354 § 11 ( Laws ii 250.1 ). Note further: ni airecht ardocuilli col mbél, col brethe, ZCP xii 364.14 . rotbia . . . acht aen ar[a]-cuillimm airiut `save one that I bar to thee', Ériu xvi 38.4 . na urcuilte[r] rath .i. fear aracuilter a rath amail druth ┐ mac beoathar, O'Curry 787 ( H 3.18, 367b ). ni urcuil Nae . . . is inti Cam, O'D. 971 (H 3.17, c. 679c). ni haile Apraham ara cuille galliud, O'Curry 2529 ( Eg. 88, f. 44(45)a ). ni ma n-urcoillead lanamnus a thing for which marriage was forbidden(?), Laws v 452.18 .

(b) ruins, corrupts(?): naro ercoillet do mifoltae tromthortha na tuath `lest thy misdeeds ruin the heavy fruits of the people', Ériu viii 173.17 (or as in (a)?). fri cech fiss ara-chuiliu corp ┐ anmain duini against every knowledge that corrupts(?) man's body and soul, Thes. ii 357.9 ( = Trip.² 3203 ).

? Vn. urcollud bith brug betha go banna, O'Dav. 312 . Part. airchoillte. Cf. aircholl, aurchail(l).

v (* ess-len-, Pedersen Vgl. Gr. ii 566 ). Also as simple vb. éilnid. pollutes, defiles, violates: aslenaimm gl. luo, Sg. 54a8 . gl. attamino, 17a1 ; aslennim gl. attamino , ZCP xxi 281.13 . gl. ceno (= [a]caeno, Ascoli 155 ), Sg. 173a4 . aslenim no fledigim gl. ceno coeno, ZCP xxi 281.21 . aslentis a menma fadesin tri adéitched, Ml. 74c3 . in loc diambu thabarthi ermitiu feid . . . atléntaissom, 22a4 . arruneillestar gl. profanante, 63a14 (see GOI 418 ). lase nad reildisem-ni, 63d15 . lase asrulensat gl. ritús profanando, 74a3 . dun elled asslentar huanaib salaib corpthaib . . . du cach escmun aslentar hua drochgnimaib, 92d12 . aslentar gl. profanari, 129c17 . aslentae gl. reconcinarier(mistaken for conquinare, Thes. ii 117 ), Sg. 64a18 . asrollennad gl. pulluta est, Ml. 124d17 . roheilled gl. uiolatus, 127a13 . asrulenta gl. inquinatæ sunt, 28a22 . asrulenta gl. impiata sunt, 100c18 . arnā hēilnet a cairpthiu oc dul for cāi that they may not dirty their chariots when going on a visit, Corm. Y 1082 . uball .i. . . . Eba-eill .i. īarsindī roellustar Eba fair isind imarbus, 1272 . eillneadh .i. cinidh, ut est, ni eill Iacob ar lepaid a mic .i. nirbo cintach, O'Curry 573 (H 3. 18, 285). ar na roelnitís roisc in nóib o básaib na n[d]óine necraibdech, RC ii 388 § 13 . ro elnebair . . . in eclais, PH 4590 . rohelned . . . hi o sacurd in tempuil she was violated, Rawl. 73b28 . gura héilned ┐ gura coirbed in fhuil ass isna lestraib, Alex. 539 = rohelnistair ┐ ro corp in fuil ┐ dodechaid asna leastraibh, IT ii2 98 . michoimédaich ┐ elnid ar soboid-ne (sic) they defile our sabbath, YBL 141a26 (cf. PH 2587 ).

In Laws freq. of the besmirching of a man's honour and resulting cancellation of any legal privileges due to his position (Plummer MS notes): nach sal aslén(n)a ainech duini bíit a trí ocá díunuch, Críth G. 308 . a tri . . . atlendai miadh, Laws iv 344.15 . ceithre gona . . . nad eillnet coimge laime, 252.18 folaid core fri fine . . cennib gaeth acht nis nellne a baés, iii 54.4 . it fastaide a sochuir ┐ a dochuir . . . acht tri cuir .i. manchi ┐ gialna ┐ ni as-lēn fini, ZCP xv 311 § 7 gl. 1 . cuir aslénat orba .i. mainche no giallna, ZCP xiii 23.21 . cach indligid atlen ua ┐ iarmo ┐ innua, O'Curry 2246 ( Eg. 88, 18(19)a ). les-ainm lenus .i. inní islen . . . co n-aslenand, Laws v 230.3 Comm.

Cf. éilnigid.

Vn. éilned.

adj o, ā small, little, of size, quantity, extent, physical and moral: b.¤ quasi ec ebraice paru[u]s interpretatur, , Corm. Y 151. duine beg gl. homunculus, Ir. Gl. 436. magnus et minus . . . mor ┐ beg, Auraic. 676. natat beca gl. non parua, Ml. 18b6 . cid na olc mb.¤ `even any little evil', 35d9 . atá debe m[b]ec nand, 40a20 . ma beth na galar b.¤ for corp duini , Thes. ii 245.34 (Cambr.). na brithemnachta becca `petty judgements', Wb. 9c8 . both b.¤ gl. umbraculo, Ml. 100c21 . inna mmacc ṁbecc, 123b12 . cid b.¤ cid már gl. quantitas, Sg. 28b7 . immar fa b.¤ `whether it be great or small', 73a16 . huan suidiu biuc gl. modica sesione, Ml. 135a14 . o aimsir bicc `for a little time', Wb. 5c2 . is becc rand aos túate ┐ lucht na sencheld mór ucut `the laity and the people of the great old churches yonder are of little worth', Mon. Tall. 137.4 nibo b.¤ in tech, Sc.M² 5. fri ré iúbili bicci .i. uii mbliadna, LU 4044. cansit ceól mb.¤ , LU 3274 ( SCC 7 ). ar thoirsi in meic bic do chosc, MU² 186. atchi tenid mbic `a little fire', RC xxiii 418.25 . id-bert an laoidh mbig si ann, ML² 1151. b.¤ cech glōr is cech gredan, Bruchst. i 62 § 143. dogní na briathra beca sa (of some lines of rhetoric), SG 371.18 . faillsighis . . . doibh-siumh an talamh mbiucc dia mbattar iarraidh .i. tir thairrngire, BNnÉ 77 § 148 . lethad baisi bigi (of a measure of bread), ZCP vi 286.10 . beag nglóire thú i dtalmhain (lit.) small as regards glory, Dán Dé viii 13 (but ex. may belong to subst. use below). más beag mór ar mbéim `all our sins, great and small', Aithd. D. 85.2 . ní fhuil dá éis dom scéimh acht scáil bheag, Keat. Poems 516. do chrích Banbha is beag re maoidheamh `small credit to B.', Aithd. D. 28.6 . b.¤ b.¤ very small, Ériu v 22.21 . becc nāt beg `not too tiny', K. and H. 10 (See Bull. Board of Celt. Stud. xxiv (1972) 484).

Compar. and superl. supplied by root *lug (cf. lú). b.¤ ┐ lugum ┐ lugusomh, Auraic. 659. Compar. laugu (sic leg. laugi, MS), Wb. 6b12 . lugu, 16c26 , Ml. 23a13 . laigiu, 17c7 , Sg. 120b2 . lugha gl. minor, Ir. Gl. 1115. dleagait mic leigind . . . saire ada lugu a free status that is less (than that of higher-ranking men of letters), Laws v 102.6 . gnim nad lugu smacht for which the penalty is not less, IT i 70.19 . co nar ba luga hí . . . oltás orcc cránai it was no smaller than a young pig, PH 7210. ni lugu is machtnaigthi lim-sa I have no less reason to marvel, 1758 . gerba lugu d'ais ┐ do airrdi in gilla sin `of lesser age and height', TTebe 393 . Scotia Minor nó Scotia ba lugha, Keat. ii 5797. With DE: combad lugaite a nert i n-agid ríg Lagen that their strength might be the less, LL 6423. his laugudi a pennit, Ériu vii 154 § 2. ba lugaide a galarsom ón do suidiu `thus his sickness was alleviated', Ériu xii 166.7 . ro ba lughaide ro heccaoíneadh a oidheadh go ro thionnsccain sé dol ar bélaibh a athar `was the less lamented', AFM v 1778.1 .

Superl. : lugimen gl. minimam, Ml. 14c10 . is ē dēach is laigem, Corm. Y 447. cia luigem i fuillemaib gell, Laws v 376.1 . With form of compar. : ūair is é mer is lauga isin lāim é (the little finger), Corm. Y 809. na tri fira is luga a fenechus the three smallest (least in value), Cóic Con. 42 § 63 . i coneilg in neich is lughu, Auraic. 677. in aen lámh mharcaigh as luga rob olc `by no means one of the least expert horsemen', AFM vi 2040.11 . In adverbial phrases: na rachthai . . . co cend .x. ṁbliadan a n-as lugu de `at the least' ( TTr. 1776 ), LL 32574. in mēide is lugha dhe, Fl. Earls 178.z . adeirim nī sa lugha cúig Paidreacha at least , Parrth. Anma 777. muna rabha sí ann go follus, ní as lúgha de, bíodh sí a bhfolach none the less, Mac Aingil 2210 .

As adv. in d s. (in) biuc little, a little ; a while?), in some exx. perh. merely expletive: ma conatil biucc `if it has slept a little', Wb. 29d15 . in biucc gl. paulatim, Sg. 12b1 . cid in biucc `even in small measure', 39a25 . in biuc iarum gl. paulo post, Ml. 19b6 . in biuc `to a small degree', 122b7 . seōl bic romaind 'sa rōt cētna / a choss truag-sa, ACL iii 243 § 27. an biuc, a L. corot-aiciller, Sc.M² 9. tair bic ille, LU 3724 ( SCC 33 ). Compar. as adv. ind lugu gl. minus, Ml. 123c12 .

As subst. of persons and things small, petty, unimportant (of state, rank, possessions, etc.): ataat cetheora sabuid tuaithe noda-desruithetar i mbecaib who are degraded to small people, ZCP xvi 177 § 14 (= Laws i 54.8 ), see 184.23 . a becco, ol Fer Rogain, BDD² 888. nān .i. b.¤ ut dicitur, nanus .i. abac nō lucharbān, O'Mulc. 828. dona beaguibh (= paruulis, Psalms 118 ), Parrth. Anma 9 (title-page). In phr. o b.¤ (biuc) co mór both small and great i.e. everybody: tabhach cíosa ┐ cána Maodhóg o bhecc go mór `from small and great', BNnÉ 203 § 44 , cf. v.l., n.3. na coiglidh enduine acu o b.¤ co mor, Fier. 131. donangatarsidhe ó bhiug co mór, Hugh Roe 108.10 . Cf. etir b.¤ ┐ mór both small and great, Ml. 114b17 .

As subst. o, n. a little, a little while, etc., smallness, fewness : beag, m. IGT Decl. § 65. cid a mb.¤ gl. uel paululum, Ml. 29b12 . b.¤ gl. paulum, Sg. 14a11 . Études Celt. xi 110. iṁforling hícc a mbeicc rochreti `of the few of them', Wb. 5b21 . is becc rofitemmarni i rrúnaib dǽe, 12c5 . cid beicc daucbaid si `of little worth', Wb. 21c12 . is hed a mbeccsin nammá dogníu di maith, 24a12 . cid b.¤ ṅdi ulc, Ml. 46a1 . cid cen na b.¤ ndo síd and `even without a little of peace there', 51a5 . ní b.¤ dia ndergeni forcenn a sailm `it is no small thing', 69c7 . corrobu b. du essarcnaib furodamair, 131b12 . becc torbai little profit, Thes. ii 296.4 . a mbecc mín `the small light diet', Mon. Tall. 152.20 . a mb.¤ arathá . . . doṁsaegulsa during the little that remains of my life, RC iii 179.9 . edrad fota do biuc (bicc, v.l.) buair `long the milking time for a few cattle', Ériu v 116.8 . dochóidseom trá i nnem arin ṁb. sin do maith, LL 36833. don ti rucc becc h'innmusa, RC xxvi 366.4 . beg dá hioth do-chúaidh ar gcúl, IGT Decl. ex. 1093. as beag do geabhthar do dhaoinibh fíréanta a small number, Desid. 2257. beag ga bhfoil an ceart ar chuimhne ` few ', Aithd. D. 38.5 . ar uathadh sluaigh ┐ ar beg mbuidhne, AFM v 1662.3 . Of time: ni bia do m'fhuirech-sa anosa mar-oen frit . . . acht b.¤ bet oc tuba h'uilc . . . i t'agaid, PH 8230. dar thrachtsam beg roimhe so `a short time', Geneal. Tracts 53.5 .

With prec. possess. 3 s.: rochotail a becc slept a while, TBC-I¹ 2513. nír codail a b.¤ an aidhchi sin he did not sleep at all, ZCP x 307.18 . ni rucsat a beg ar a m-buidnib they quite failed to overtake, Celt. Rev. iv 206.20 . dá leigeadh a lámha síos a bheag nó a mhór, Eochairsg. 54.5 . hi tōeb na conaire anair a bic `a little to the east', Dinds. 20. gan a bheg `not a whit', Duan. F. i 53.20 . dubhairt-sean nach raibhe a bheag `he said it was nothing', Keat. ii 5272.

With neg. verb and follg. DI anything at all, the smallest quantity: ní romill a becc din chasail (= permanente cassula tantum intacta quod ignis non tetigit), Lat. Lives 11.12 . na beiridh a bhecc da bhar nettaighibh libh asin luing, BNnÉ 54 § 55 . ní haithristear a bheag da scéalaibh `no tidings whatever are given of them', Keat. ii 2571. Cf. nochon do biuc bae dia brīg not slight was his power, ZCP viii 217 § 5.

In phr. acht b.¤ almost, nearly: fri re tri n-uairi acht b.¤ , PH 550. dia bualad co mbo marb acht b.¤ so that he was nearly dead, LU 3290 ( SCC 8 ). roscarsatur ar cuirp fri ar n-anmannaib acht b.¤ `have all but separated', MacCarthy 66.23 . acht madh beac, Fl. Earls 168.23 . b.¤ ná, b.¤ nach almost, nearly (i.e. little but that): b.¤ nachamralae i nderchóiniud ón `I have almost fallen into despair', Ml. 90c17 . b.¤ nád múchtha doíne impu were nearly stifled, TBFr. 272. beag nach brisiodh mo chroidhe / gach dán roimhe da gcumainn, Studies 1918, 618 § 11 . beg do Tuadmumain nár thrían / do bí ag M. M. held almost a third of Thomond, Caithr. Thoirdh. 136.15 . go raibhe trian bhfear nÉireann ré filidheacht beagnach, Keat. iii 1462. So also: is b.¤ mā dorinnus ariam gnīomh . . . badh doilghe liom do dhēanamh hardly , Feis Tighe Chonáin 1469. is beac ma ba oirrdearca C. `C. . . . was scarcely more illustrious', CF 411. Cf. is b.¤ cid dia fesstar a chenél `his kin will be almost unknown', RC xxiv 176.5 .

With copula and follg. prep. is b.¤ do it is little, insufficient (for): ba becc duitsiu cometecht dossom `it were little for thee (sic leg.) to be indulgent to him', Wb. 10c10 . ba b.¤ ṅdamsa mad buith cen chotlud tantum , Ml. 95d13 . Hence with neg. it is enough; an bhraid-sin nochar bheag dí `grief enough for her', Dán Dé ii 23 . ní beag dó dá chora i gcéill / an fhola féin i ló an Luain, Aithd. D. 100.33 . ní beag seal don bhaois, Dánta Gr. 102.2 . níor bheag aon aifrionn amháin do rádh ar gach n-anam a single mass would suffice, Eochairsg. 51.20 . cá b.¤ do ? is it not enough (for) ?: ca beag dóibh so do robhadh?, KMMisc. 352.3 . cár bheag dhuid aithmhéala inn ? `would not repentance satisfy thee ?' Aithd. D. 34.5 . cá beag sin dá chur i gcéill ? isn't that enough to make it clear ? Dánta Gr. 85.8 . is (ní) b.¤ la deems insufficient; thinks little of: is beic (g s.) lim in bríg sin ced molad ced tatháir domberaidsi domsa is beicc limsa a bríg `little do I care', Wb. 82d1 . as becc lem slechtain dó I think it beneath me to make obeisance to him, BNnÉ 13 § 13 . mó as beag lé burba na bhfear `small account did she (viz. Eamhain) make of', Content. xxx 35. fá beag leó . . . iad féin ┐ a sochar do bhuain don duine `they did not hesitate' (Vocab.), TSh. 3065. ní beg limm do biadh gu bráth / balad mo chráibi cáimhe, Anecd. i 34.23 . ná bad begc la hingin ríg hErenn feis lais that the daughter of the King of Ireland should deem it no small honour to sleep with him, BColm. 88.8 . doraid in saer nar' beg lais do shaegul usci do thoidecht docum in muilinn (= sufficit mihi vivere donec), RC xii 344 § 39. adubradarsan nar beg leo féin a fheabhus sin they thought that excellent (i.e. an offer of billeting), L. Chl. S. § 9.12 . is b.¤ ar thinks little of, considers insignificant; despises, dislikes: sgéal is beag ar a mbuachail, Ir. Syll. Poetry 29 § 3. is beg oram cáil na mban, Duan. F. i 85.31 . beg air imurro caingean na namad . . . uair ra dhlighsiot `he thought little of the doings of the enemies . . . for they were entitled to it', TFrag. 154.13 . is bec orumsa gach uile leiges lagtach isin cuis so acht clisteri (= abhorreo), Rosa Angl. 288.16 . gidh beg ormsa S., Ériu v 184.1 . an tí do dhéanadh math . . . dhóibh, go madh é budh lugha orra, Gadelica 38.65 . is lughaidi orum tú beth a t-[S]axanach . . . uair is don talam-sin in dias is lugha orum tainic riam, ZCP vi 87.21 . gidh ard thú ó threibh fhola, / dola i gclú leibh ní lugha you are just as intent on becoming famous, L. Cl. A. B. 215.20 .

In nn. loc.: in herinn bicc bebais `in Becc-Eriu', Fél. Apr. 23. Augustin Insi Bice, Lat. Lives 42.2 . See Hog. Onom.

In n. pr.: feil Brain Bic, Fél. May 18 .

Compds.

(a) With nouns. .x. mbuair . . . mbecalma, Ériu ii 4.11 . ¤baile: go mbeg-bailtip `villages', Fl. Earls 82.20 . ¤brat ina becbrataib `in his swaddling clothes´ Blathm. 34 . ¤déntaid `small worker ' (one of categories of wives with specific activities, see Stud. in E. Ir. Law 34.32 ): masa beccdentaidh, gunudh seiseadh no nomadh gnimha a fir aiccisi ann sein, Laws ii 410.7 Comm. issed da ní beccdentaidh dissi banaicidh (sic) uaidhsiumh ina aighidsi `what makes her a small worker is to have feminine implements supplied by him', 22 Comm. ¤dolb: (in rhetoric) iba srúaim sruthborr slán lam broind begdolb crú, LL 13860. ¤ecla of little fear . pn As epithet: Conaing B., ZCP viii 337.20 . ¤enech of small honour: comairge béldub b.¤ , Tec. Corm. 33.2 . ¤ḟola, small stock, cattle: .x. mbuair mbecfolad . . . glossed: .i. cáirigh nó gabhair nó dairt, Ériu ii 4.10 . ¤grend short-beard: Tuirenn Beggreann, Cóir Anm. ii § 159 . ¤ní a small thing, a trifle: dorindi in ridiri bagar ┐ becni do briathraibh Sir Gyi, ZCP vi 32.26 . ¤popul little (lowly) people: is cend daim for dartoid [.i.] mōrpersan for becphopul, O'Mulc. 753. ¤ṡaegal short life: gan uamhan báis nō begs[h]aogail, ML² 1189. ¤ṡed little interest, heed: teirce a-cách an creideamh cóir / beigsheadh ag cách san chanóin, DDána 57.1 . ¤ṡelb: i lennmhain a mbegṡelbha bó `their few cattle', Hugh Roe 84.20 . ¤ṡluag a small company, host: is doras bāls beg-s[h]luag, ML² 1384. With vn. ¤carthain: gan bhríogh i mbeag-charthain séad `paltry love of treasures', Content. xxix 13.

(b) With adjj. derived from nouns: ¤cíallda having little sense, weak-witted: boathán builidh beig-ciallda, TSh. 1721. ¤cosach short-stalked: (of a plant) luib b.¤ , ACL i 330 § 11 . ¤cridech small-hearted, hard-hearted: aderthar gurab duine cruaidh no beccchroidhech thu, Ériu v 138 § 124. ¤dígbálach of little harm: neithi iat sein . . . begdighbalacha, Irish Texts v 2 7. ¤eclach fearless: Conaing B., LL 2491. ¤ḟoltach having little substance, `inops': sochla brīg b.¤ , ZCP v 503.1 . ¤lachtach yielding little milk: comét in buair bec-lachtaig, Metr. Dinds. iv 338.26 . ¤menmnach dispirited: dobhí se go brónach begmhenmnach, Ériu v 196.33 . ¤náirech impudent, shameless: m'iaraidh-si do bhancheile led' bogbhriathraib begnaracha, ZCP vi 26.16 . ¤nertach having little strength, weak: biaid in bhuidhe becnertach (of a plague), SG 21.4 . ¤nertmar: don chriosdáidhe óg bhíos maoth beignertmhar, Ó Héodhusa 195.13 . ¤thuicsech feeble-witted: an téigentach bocht begthuigsech sin, Ériu v 166.34 . ¤uiscech: biaidh . . . an geimhreadh . . . beag-uisceach `scarce of water', Corp. Astron. 64.7 . Note also artificial compd. ¤máo: in b.¤ máo (? leg. becmáo) .i. is b.¤ as máo oldáusa .i. is b.¤ in derscugud gl. paruo maior quam ego, Sg. 45a15 .

Note also: muiti .i. mifothai . . . .i. b.¤ caithte a foghur, Auraic. 467.

n (bristech): beatha an duini . . . tréna giorra ┐ tréna brisdighi fragility , Mac Aingil 6680 . atá an mhēid-sin do thruaighe agas d'anbfainde orainde, agas do bhrisdidhe agas d'ullmhacht iondaind, Carswell² 40.1362 .

pronominal adj. prec. noun each, every, all , unstressed form of cách. See GOI 33 , 310 - 11 . In Wb. and Sg. usually cach. in Ml. cech ( cech, Wb. 1c18 , 2a22 , 3d30 , 4a2 , 5c20 (chech), 6b1 , 21a14 , 33c8 , 34a2 , Sg. 190a3 . cach, Ml. 19c1 , 22b1 , 24c9 , 35b10 , 51d3 , 92d12 , 111a5 etc.). In later lang. gach, see GOI 111 . gech, Celtica iv 28.396 . Not itself lenited ( GOI 141 ), but does not prevent mutation of follg. word. g s f. cacha, cecha (see below) geminates on evidence of later lang., GOI 151 . Follg. nasalization originating in neut. and a s. spreads to other grammatical contexts: amru cach n-ārmaig, SR (Greene) 3770 . ba amru cech n-ail, SR (Greene) 4513 . ba ferr cech ndáil, SR (Greene) 7125 . a mbreath gach nduine, TD 34.9 . gach n-oidhche, DDána 98.3 . See MU² xxxi .

Uninflected in sg. except g s f. cacha, cecha (below); rarely in other cases. g s n. drécht caich ceniúil, Wb. 5c3 . g s f. cecha cathrach, Ml. 53d6 . cecha soinmige, 56b22 . cacha frithare, 111a5 . cacha dúlo, Wb. 13b28 . cacha rainne, Sg. 26b9 . cacha áirme, 198a14 . cache oxile, Thes. ii 255.4 . cacha hairge, Anecd. i 1.9 ( SCano 9 ). cachae tremsi, Mon. Tall. 138.3 . gacha cairbhe, DDána 99.29 . gacha mēide, Fl. Earls 88.16 . a s f. doomlacht . . . ol nais caich mbleguin, AU i 188.8 . Later also cacha, cecha with other genders: cacha fechtais, BDD² 201 . cacha ráithi (sic MS.), Críth G. 179 . cacha lestair, Laws iv 192.9 . cecha carptig, CRR 38.x . cecha huilc, PH 6166 . gacha síodha, Aithd. D. 88.9 . ilimud cecha hairm, Stair Erc. 824 . For usage in class. verse cf. bean gach fhir, bean gacha fir .c. Fiafruigheam focal gach fear . . . .c. . . . gacha, ni .c. na dhíaigh achd táoibhréim úathaidh . . . meallam duine gacha fir, Bard. Synt. Tr. 24.9 ff. anam gach fhir, Dán Dé xxx 4 . do reactha rún gacha fir, Studies 1919, 258 § 19 .

In pl. somet. cacha, cecha, but also cach, cech: cecha dethidnea domundi all worldly cares, Wb. 3d30 . cacha cethri, ZCP xi 83 § 28 . tri (leg. fri ? edd.) cecha oina `towards every one', Ml. 56a20 . cecha soinmech gl. affluentiam rerum omnium, 91c12 . bendacht cecha bordgal (: ordan), Fél. Prol. 275 (leg. cech óen, Stokes Gloss., but see below). cacha leth, ZCP viii 307.26 . hi cacha bésaib `in all usages', Wb. 16a27 . hi cacha persanaib, Sg. 208a11 . Uninflected: sech cech ríga, Ml. 84b1 . ó cach tharmmorcnib `from all endings', Sg. 43a5 . cach iptha ┐ gach éle ┐ gach orthana, TBC-LL¹ 3639 . In follg. appar. with g pl. Note, however, absence of nasalization (see Bard. Synt. Tr. 24.9 ff. and cf. ciall iollraidh tá a ngach; dá dhearbhadh sin as .c. meallfad iad gach fear, Bard. Synt. Tr. 40. 3 ): for got cech meall do mellaib a dromai, BDD² 351 . fotha . . . cach imforran, RC xxiv 186.11 . go líon gcéad gach córughadh, DDána 74.17 . comhchruinnioghadh . . . gach ainchriosdaidheadh oile, Ó Héodhusa 33.3 .

In later lang. certain prepp. are modified before gach. See la, 1 do, i, tre and cf. leis gach bhfear, TD 9.26 .

I

(a) each, every, all : dognitis cech ndochrud and, Ml. 22a4 . is huaisliu cech duil, 25a1 . ar cech lau gl. in dies, 29a11 . hi cech dú gl. passim, 50c12 . im cech rét ru-n-ecat les, 57b4 . secech talmain, 84a2 (= sech cech). cech ṅdrochscél gl. omnis fabula, 86b3 . a cach duini gl. o homo omnis, Wb. 1c8 . foditiu cech imnid, 1c18 . fo bésad cech dachpreceptoro, 4a2 . do-feich cach n-olcc et mórid cach maith, 6a16 . is diamuin leiss cach thúare, 6b8 . i cach réit ro-hí a less gl. in omnibus bonis, 20c11 . os cech anmimm ainmnigther gl. super omne nomen, 21a14 . cach tenge gl. omnis lingua, 23c20 . cach gutae, Sg. 18a3 . do cach brethir, 161a1 . ciall cech muid, 190a3 . recachthuisiul, 210a8 . ducach belru, Thes. ii 226.23 . da gach bocht, Blathm. 40 . hi cinn cach thíre, ZCP xi 82 § 20 . etir cach salm deni trib cáocad sancte Michaol etc. , Mon. Tall. 130.24 . cech nderg . . . cach nua . . . cech ard everything red, etc., LU 3915 ( SCC 43 ). dicerint omne malum .i. cach nolc, ZCP viii 173.20 . cech saer noslēma, 110.29 . cach deisel is dī dacuas, ACL iii 237 § 26 . mar cach ndeiscipal acci, BColm. 56.9 . cluned huaim chech deag-duini , Ériu iii 196 § 16 . fuli cech anmae `the sins of every soul', 96 § 3 . du gach thir, Laws iv 162 n. in cech tīr, ZCP viii 109.4 . geall gach ḟir, IGT Decl. ex. 1308 . gach grádh riamh dá radas dise, Timth. viii 1918, 8 § 3 . saidhbir . . . o gech earnuil eisc, RC xlvi 226.7 . gach aimsir do-chuaidh thort, Corp. Astron. 6.6 . For phr. cach díriuch directly see díriuch, dírge.

(b) V. freq. in genitives of time, see bliadain, tan, tráth etc. and día, lá, GOI 159 .

(c) With uile (on follg. lenition see Bard. Synt. Tr. 95.11 ): do gach uili arm, Stair Erc. 1545 .

(d) For phr. cach aí each of them see 1 aí and cf. di cach di suidib immenetar `of each of them in turn', Ml. 26b20 . cech diib, 72b27 . cach diib, 114c15 . See cách (c).

(e) With follg. cardinal ( gach ┐ gach ré, .l. áireamh uathaidh nó iollraidh na mbéal, Bard. Synt. Tr. 40.2 ): i ngnimaib cech óin, Ml. 56c11 . cech oin, 68a13 . cach oén creitfess hí Christ, Wb. 4d21 . do c[ec]h óin bíth [hí] croi[ch], Tur. 136 . du cech óin dia chlaind, Ml. 133a10 . cech oin huaib, 34a3 . no sasadh cech naon, Blathm. 39 . cech n-ōen ronānaicc a less, ACL iii 2.4 . re cech oin salm, Ml. 2b4 . doaidlibem cech n-oin dliged, 14d5 . du cech oin erbirt biuth gl. ad ussús omnes, 128c2 . hi cech oinalaithe .i. cech dia gl. in dies singulos, 58d3 . nomen saindíles cach oenḟolaid, Sg. 28a16 . cach oinfolaid gl. pro uniuscuiusque rei, 200b4 . as gach éanaird, TD 8.11 . cech da son `two words apiece', Tur. 2 . cach di dúil, Sg. 3b8 . eter cach da asna, LU 8400 ( FB 27 ). iter cech dá dorus, BDD² 282 .

(f) With ordinal: gach treas baili, Acall. 1882 . cach nómad n-aidche, BDD² 174 . For phr. cachla every other, etc. see 1 aile, and cf. Zimmer KZ xxx 69 - 71 . Note also: cach ra n-úair . . . in n-úair aile, LU 2166 ( FA 24 ). cach ra fechtas, Rawl. 149b46 . gach dara lá, TSh. 7911 . For rules for use of gach ré in class. verse see Bard. Synt. Tr. 39 - 40 .

(g) With follg. abstr. noun: cach faicsi thiced d'aidchi ra étlaitis lucht a frestail the closer it came to nightfall, LL 268b24 . cech doimne noroisidh an t-adhnacul the deeper the grave reached, ZCP viii 560.22 . gach méad dob' inleighis d'a muinntir, Ériu i 90 § 39 . gach mēide rusmair `all who still lived', Fl. Earls 246.23 . gach fairsingi bias an dorus, is usuidi le dul amach, Rosa Angl. 44.11 . gac fad teit amach, Ir. Astr. Tr. 154.31 . gach līnmhaireacht aimsire however often, Fl. Earls 48.27 . Cf. gach réidhteach is fearr fhéadfadsa do dhéanamh leo dhéanad é, Maguires of F. 70 .

II

(a) Freq. after negatives, comparatives, and the conjunctions amail, mar in wider sense of all, any, any other : amal as n-esrantaid cech maith `is non-participant in any good', Ml. 31a12 . is duiliu lim cech rét m'anim, 55a4 . is suacbairi[u] indaas cech tír, 62b10 . fri tige cach n-aithech gl. nulla . . . discritio inter Templum tuum et priuata aedes..., 92d15 . as mou cech fortacht `greater than any help', 114b2 . is uaísliu cach ceítbuid córe gl. pax Christi, quae superat omnem sensum, Wb. 24b4 . ni torgaitha i cach caingin gl. ne quis . . . circumueniat in negotio fratrem suum, 25b5 . fisidhiu cech draoi `than any druid', Blathm. 7 . ní hinḟíadnaisi acht fri cach súaill trifling matters, Críth G. 35 . amail cach nduinorcnid `like any other homicide', Mon. Tall. 158.18 . mar cech n-ethait like any bird, LL 12717 . nī faictis cach conair notēigtis, ACL iii 224.35 . sir ní as tana ná gach tonn. IGT Decl. ex. 438 . can tsroin ac cach duine dib `not one of them has a nose', Maund. 175 . mar gach ainmidi `like any . . . beast', Stair Erc. 1909 .

(b) The form cech(a) cacha is freq. with follg. vb. (usually conj. or prot. form). The earliest sense is indef. whoever, whatever, whichever (see GOI 28 , 289 ). As accus. cosmail leiss cacha orr in cara fá æscara `whichever he may slay', Sg. 12b7 . cecha taibre, Thurn. Zu Ir. Hss. i 20.15 . ní dígbad ní dia uball cacha tomled de whatever he ate of it (all he ate of it ? See below), LU 10021 . cacha imlodmar cose / de bruig B. however much, Metr. Dinds. iii 204.49 . As nom. cech thucai `whoever gave it', Thes. ii 347.4 (Hy. v). ropo toil Dé cecham-theirb `whatever may vex(?) me', Murphy Lyrics 34.24 (cecham teirp, cach am teirb, gachum terb, MSS.); 'may whatever cuts me off/separates me be God's will' Celtica xxiii 36 n. 40 ; 'whatever hinders me be God's will' , Sages, Saints and Storytellers 316 § 24 . nír bo léir isin mballan cacha tuccad ind, Ériu v 116.43 . cech be dhe `whatever may come', Blathm. 108 § 3 . cach be da lin however numerous they be, Anecd. ii 31.20 . cach a raba di mét a thurse tired as he was, LU 9099 ( FB 85 ). cach a bé dim airddi, 9199 ( 92 ). Perh. also in cecip (indef.), see 1 cía B (e).

(c) Later in sense all that, that which (cf. 4 a). As accus. cecha ndernai do fertaib gl. a ndorigēnai, Thes. ii 338.2 (Hy. v). cacha ndénainn `of all I might do', Liad. and Cuir. 24.18 . adfiadatar . . . cechidepirt ind ingen friss, RC xi 442.7 . cacha ro-cesair, PH 1697 . ní áirmhim a leth nō a thrīan / gach a fūaras, ZCP viii 220.8 . cacha finnub-sa, TBC-LL¹ 5759 . 'ca cuimnechad do I. cach doronsad, TTebe 3895 . cacha bhfagbhaitis . . . a lamha, Lism. L. 1308 . gach nar ghabh all he captured, DDána 64.7 . gach ar léigis linn, 84.11 . gach a n-abrai-siu, ML² 478 . As nom. cecha marbt[h]ar dīobh 'sa ccath, ZCP viii 116.25 . gach a ccurthar ann, Párl. na mB. 1174 . cach a bfuil acat i tig, ACL iii 222.7 . gach ar mair `all that yet remained', Stair Erc. 2119 .

later cin, can, gen, gin, gan (usual modern form). Prep. with accus., leniting. See GOI 111 , 273 , 501 . chen, Sg. 75a1 , 78b2 , 147b3 (so also chen(a)e (see below) regularly in Sg. as against c- in Wb. and Ml., see Thes. ii 154 ). With dat. cen suidib, Ml. 20d3 , and cf. cenaib with 3 pl. suff. pron. below. With accus. in class. lang.: a bheith gan bhú (: chlú), O'R. Poems 252 . In later Vn. constructions of the type: gan an bás . . . do dhol, TSh. 2703 takes noun in nom. (`takes art. + noun in the form of nom., as verbs do', TSh. Gloss.). See TD 3.15 and note. Duan. F. iii s.v. gan.

For usage of late MSS. in matter of follg. lenition see Aithd. D. s.v. gan. cuiridh `gan' séimhioghadh, gion go ttuigthear do gháoidheilg ┐ gion go habuirthear (sic) d'ogham é, IGT Introd. § 7 . In class. lang. does not prefix t to ṡ, §§ 67 , 70 . Note alliteration in: mé gan ṡeise ó ṡain a-nall, DDána 77.3 , gan ḟolta gan imreasainn, 70.16 .

With suff. pron. in O.Ir. only (apart from 3 s. cen(a)e, cena, for which see below), and rare even here with no forms occurring for 1 s. and pl. 2 s. cenut, Wb. 6b25 . 3 s. m. and n. c(h)enae. 2 pl. cenuib, Wb. 9c2 . 3 pl. cenaib, Ml. 20d4 . Later with follg. indep. pron. (in 3 pers. é, í, iat).

Orig. on this side of (see GOI 501 , Pedersen Vgl. Gr. ii 197 ), hence apart from, besides etc. (see I(a) and III below). The usual meaning at all stages of the language is without, deprived of, not having, -less. Freq. with follg. Vn. with which, in its verbal function, it serves as neg. particle (see II).

I

(a) apart from, besides, except : atá brithem and cenutsu gl. omnes enim stabimus ante tribunal Dei, Wb. 6b25 . atá brithem lasuidib cenuib-si gl. Deus iudicabit, 9c2 . tāthut bith[ḟ]laith . . . / cen a tír i fail do rúaim apart from, Hail Brigit 26 . cé atchetha óinchairptech / . . . / fil mór d'echaib . . . / cen suidi (-e, v.l.) nad aicci-siu besides him, Imr. Brain 39 . ni ettis nech cena domanches except in the case of, LU 3488 ( SCC 26 ). i n-atconnarc . . . / bes atcoad cena slúag in the absence of his army(?), 3323 ( SCC 11 ). cen airitin a cobsen `short of receiving his confession', Mon. Tall. 147.30 .

(b) without, not having, -less (of things, objects, persons): buith cenchlaind, Ml. 23d12 . buith cen chomaccomla, 28d6 . buid cen sétchi, Wb. 10a17 . cen intertpersin, Sg. 161a4 . ni farcbad nech cen dire la Fēne, BCrólige 56 . ro sai cen usci `returned without water', RC xxiv 198.11 . nī anab gan é fēin, Fianaig. 80.4 . bheith don Bhanbha gan bhuachail, TD 10.19 . cin cennaib, cin tsúilib, Maund. 174 .

(c) With noun as in (b) and follg. prep. indicating position, accompaniment, possession: cennech n indib són `without anyone in them', Ml. 131d7 . cenchaille fora ciunn, Wb. 11c9 . cengutai ṅetarru, Sg. 7a4 . cen chonsin re n-os , 105b5 . cenbriathra leo, 215a6 . cona rabi aithles . . . cen mac i n-inad a athar, MU² 133 . gan cheó ortha acht aghaidh each, TD 11.12 .

(d) With abstracts (incl. vnn.): cennach n-astud, Ml. 15a15 . cen fodrúbu gl. sine deflexionum moris, 22a6 . cennach n-indlach gl. sine ulla interruptione, 32a1 . centosach cenforcenn, 110d15 . cen chumsanad gl. sine intermisione, Wb. 25c23 . trechosc conacarbi cenchinta, 27c6 . cen ḟortacht indanmma aili (with subj. gen.), Sg. 30a2 . eitir codlad ┐ cen cotlatt `whether he be asleep or awake', Mon. Tall. 152.4 . dia lleictir can imcoimet `if (such women) be let go without guarding', BCrólige 37 . In sense of unimpaired by, untroubled by etc. see LU 2294 - 99 ( FA 35 ). cen nach tairmesc netir, Hib. Min. 9.279 . bás . . . cen bethaid, PH 4320 . tilid Éirinn gan ainimh, TD 10.11 . 'n-a adhbar rīg gan [fh]resabra, ML² 30 . gan í without it (umhla), RSClára 158a . gan iad, 104b . gan amhrus undoubtedly , Párl. na mB. 6 . gan mhoill immediately , 164 .

(e) With fis: cen fius scél uáibsi `without tidings from you', Wb. 25a5 . cenfius dúib, 25c4 . cen ḟis cen airḟis, Anecd. i 3.8 ( SCano 50 ). cen a fis doibsom `without their knowledge', Mon. Tall. 146.31 . gan fhios do féin unknown to himself, unwittingly , Párl. na mB. 1385 . gurab gan fhios do ionnsuidh Samson na Filistínigh unexpectedly , TSh. 767 .

(f) Freq. in verse in chevilles and quasi-adj. phrases: ind fir cen uaill, Blathm. 13 . slóig Íssu cen escur, Fél. Prol. 63 . regmi cen nach díchiul, 291 . ceithre fedha, fāth gin gheis . . . , ZCP viii 107.10 . slōg ōss a ucht cen nach socht, 108.15 .

(g) With abstr. and follg. preposition: cen fortacht nachaili oco, Ml. 53a9 . cenfochraic n dam gl. infructuosse, 91b5 . cenchol, fair, 93d1 . nā bī gan gart at gnīomh nglē, ZCP viii 109.9 . cen smacht ríg forro, LU 3441 ( SCC 21 ). ó dho bhí tuigse . . . ag an duine . . . ┐ gan í anois aige, TSh. 2909 . dia mbeth gan do righe la C. acht na nai righa . . . `if C. had no realm save . . . ', ZCP i 402.19 .

II In a variety of constructions with vnn.

(a) With Vn. with verbal force, the whole phrase having the value of an adj. or adv.: nísechmalfam ní and centadal, Ml. 25a3 . canim[ebol] lib ambuid [li]b cenprecept doib ref. to ignorantiam enim Dei quidam habent, Wb. 13c17 . it cairigthi inmaicsi et intuistidi cendethidin dissi `when they do not take care of her', 28d22 . cen tairmthecht opersin dialaili gl. intransitiuum, Sg. 189a7 . uar rombi ind fit . . . cin cumscugud, Mon. Tall. 147.14 . téora bliadna doib . . . cen teacht as, Anecd. i 11.24 ( SCano 356 ). fada an treimhse ataid re a chois / gan tocht dá dtíribh, TD 4.38 . soinend no doinend na haimsire do bidh gan techt, BCC 416.18 . fá h-ár gan áireamh it was a slaughter incalculable, ML 130.24 .

(b) With Vn. and obj. gen.: cenaéitsecht gl. non . . . audire, Ml. 21b11 . batrom foraib són centíchtain átíre fadesin they were distressed at not reaching their own land, 34d12 . cen foraithmet ananmae . . . dam gl. ut etiam uocabula eorum obliuioni tradam, 37c13 . cen a chomallad gl. sub Lege (fuerunt), 76a15 . cid atobaich cendílgud cech ancridi gl. quare non magis iniuriam accipistis? Wb. 9c20 . cena aetarcne riam gl. sine praeiudicio, 29a20 . cenacomol naich aili do gl. `ipse' quoque in tertia persona per se, Sg. 197b17 . cen imcabáil . . . cum nobis do epirt, 203a8 . cia beith cen (gin, MS) gabáil n-orbai, Críth G. 69 . cen a coisecrad `without being reconsecrated', Mon. Tall. 153.15 . ō ro-gabus gāi im láim nad-raba cen guin duini I have never failed to slay a man, Sc.M² 16 . bi gan a thabairt do not swear it (an oath), PH 7343 . gan oba gliadh, TD 26.40 .

(c) With follg. noun or pron. and prep. DO with Vn. (for case of noun in later lang. see above): foilsigthi feisin cen ainm dothórmuch fris `without the addition of a noun to it', Sg. 211a8 . ma ro látar ce[n] ní do ḟacbáil leo, Ériu xvii 66 § 4 . afuine . . . / cenachnáma dobrissiud, SR 3904 . in fer nār c[h]otail énoidchi ríam gan maithes Gall da innluccud da dúintib, ZCP viii 111.13 . ata recht ocaind .i. cen luige do thabairt, PH 2684 . can T. . . . do thegmail dó, TTebe 987 . gan é d'áireamh oramsa, TD 14.9 . Similarly, without vn.: trágh. ráth . . . , inann ┐ so sís acht gan so sís do bainindscne except that the following are not feminine, IGT Decl. § 38 . gan mé aniogh san mhín mhaighrigh since I am not(?), Studies 1921, 568 § 23 . With follg. acht in sense of except that, only , etc.: gan acht coibhche . . . do dháil di `provided he gave her a marriage-portion', Keat. ii 4642 . gan é acht i naois óiglenaib still of tender years, O'Gr. Cat. 381.13 . gan acht neart aoidheadh orra, Content. xxx 26 . do-ghéubha tú sail ad tshúil féin 's gan achd brodh a súil Pharaon only a mote, Mac Aingil 904 .

In a number of exx. in the early lang., and with increasing frequency in the later, the clause introduced by cen assumes the character of a nominal clause functioning as the subject or object of a verb, as a case governed by a preposition, and occasionally even as a genitive depending on a noun. For class. lang. see the analysis in TSh. s.v. gan.

(d) As subject of a verb: isingir lem cenchretim dúib, Wb. 4b28 . isaithiss doibsom cid anísiu .i. cenprecept dondaís anfiss their failure to preach . . . discredits them, 13b11 . cen buith i bar ṅgnáissi / is mór fodom-glúassi, Fél. Ep. 375 . ba imned la F. cen acallaim na ingine F. was anxious to speak with the girl, TBFr. 155 . fonascar fair can tudecht, LU 5943 . mad dia m-beith at cumang, a ben, ol C., in ghein fil fat bruindi gan a breith có abhárach, RC vi 175 § 55 . ba dogessib conculainn cenadall fulachta diachathim, iii 176.17 . ba col cen a choemna not to protect him, Gorm. March 15 . ata is-in recht cen mnái do gabail i fhiadnaise, PH 2794 . nár dhamhsa gan dol red chois, TD 14.32 . an cóir gan síodh d'fhagháil uadh? Aithd. D. 63.5 . is truag duind gan E. acar n-imdidin, Stair Erc. 745 .

(e) As object: fobithin adrimet som deit su armelacht cen arṅ ditin ni `not to protect us', Ml. 129d22 . madh ro achtaigh cín ar, ┐ rohairedh, Laws iv 132.25 . fonaiscid C. forrosom cen curadmir do chosnam, LU 9025 ( FB 77 ). na lécob d'Ultaib cen taidecht lim, MU² 182 . foracaib . . . can a n-uilc do dígail dóib, LU 3117 (see Duan. F. iii 8 - 9 ). cid fodera . . . cen Crist do-t furtacht-su?, PH 738 . asbert an file fris cen ní don bradan do tomailt, RC v 201.23 . gan chrích Néill fút ná fulaing, TD 6.16 . do cheannuigh Dia . . . / gan mo bheith i mbrugh Ifeirn, Dán Dé v 45 . mar do chonn-cadar cliatha na Cruithnigh gan iad féin líon cathuighthe ris that they were not strong enough to fight him, Keat. ii 1779 . orduighmid . . . gan labhairt dona Sethrachaibh `that the Sisters keepe silence', RSClára 102b .

(f) With vbs. of forgetting, preventing , etc. the prep. merely reinforces the meaning of the main verb: arnabé anfochell leu cenatlugud buide diasoirad so that they may not neglect to return thanks, Ml. 117b7 . cenasechim gl. uestigia relinquere, Sg. 30a20 . rothairmisc . . . in scel sin fa P. . . . gan sid re brathair, TTebe 2767 . a Bhē-binn, bean ar do mac / gan mhnāi trīallfas dó tochmarc, ZCP xiii 167.1 . léigfeamaoid dínn . . . gan teacht tarsa, TSh. 294 `which we shall avoid treating of', Gloss. tug i ndearmad gan maith na n-Éireannach do mhaoidheamh he has forgotten to, Keat. i 56.25 . nīr dhermait . . . in doirseóir gan in custam d'iarraidh ┐ d'fagáil `the keeper did not neglect demanding and receiving it', Fl. Earls 90.5 . Cf. Ml. 25a3 cited under (a).

(g) As case governed by prep.: tré gan rabhadh do chur dho through failing to warn him, Content. xvi 71 . fá gan fearthuinn do dheanadh, Donlevy 440.30 . déinig faire . . . chum gan tuitim a ttemptásion so as not to enter into temptation, Párl. na mB. 789 . maille ré gan é d'fhaigsin, TSh. 6387 .

(h) As gen.: d'easbaidh gan an creideamh do bheith aca because they have no faith, TSh. 4784 (where gan merely reinforces meaning of easbhaidh). The phrase introduced by gan is technically gen. also in: rún do ghlacadh gan tuitim to resolve not to fall, Donlevy 448.19 .

III With suff. pron. 3 s. m. n. c(h)ene, c(h)ena(e), ceni, cheana (usual mod. form). On O.Ir. cene, cenae see Pedersen Vgl. Gr. i 346 . In class. verse may be stressed or unstressed, Aithd. D. 25.19n.

(a) In more or less literal sense in addition to it, without him or it, besides, apart from this. As shown by occas. exx. of cenae referring to f. or pl. nouns the word had even in O.Ir. begun to have the force of an indep. adv. besides, in addition, moreover, anyway . In literal sense: huare is lán chiall indib chenae gl. uerba non egent casu, Sg. 140b3 . ní laimtis cena they dared not omit to do it, Sc.M² 20 , cf. ní étaim-sea chena I cannot help it (gan a dheanamh, v.l.), TBC-LL¹ 6080 . cía nocarainn cách chenae besides him, Liad. and Cuir. 24.21 . nícon bíad cenae, 24 `without him . . . it will not live', Murphy Lyrics 35.10 . ceni beth nach aili isin tig cenae acht hé a oenur, BDD² 1086 `any other save he', Gloss. ní fuil aurlabraidi . . . leo chenae besides him, MU² 986 .

(b) In more general sense: cenitormastar homéit istrom cenae ho aicniud in any case, Ml. 20a20 . bamór fechtae cenae `there were many times besides', 39a3 . legi enim Dei non est subiecta (of sapientia carnis) .i. atá dethiden fuiri cene `besides', Wb. 3d34 . barafie dúib darígente cene cenimmormus nachmór, 11d5 . apronomen asberr eiusdem ┐ cach pronomen dono chene `besides', Sg. 203b1 . os me chene am faelid `I too', Thes. ii 293.25 . at-béla chenaeo (sic), BDD² 1438 `in any case', Gloss. sáeilim nem cena I am looking forward to heaven as it is, BColm. 68.22 .

Following f. and pl. nouns: ni reccar ales dano epistle uáibsi arrofitemmar cene `without it' (ref. to epistil, f.), Wb. 15a5 . runsluinfemni didiu cene fanisin (ref. to epistolis), 15a4 . etar fileda ┐ áis ṅdénma sairse chenae `and other artists', Sg. 212a11 . atethatár eóin damsa chena other birds will be caught for me, LU 3276 ( SCC 7 ). ní lamhat eonu na fiadhmhilu cena beth for an sliab sin `nor other wild animals', ZCP i 254.6 .

(c) Hence of actions and states of being already, previously : nírecat . . . les tintuda . . . ataat iltintudai leu cene, Ml. 3a14 . tanice-side céne `He hath come already', Wb. 4d26 . adib eolaig and cene, 33c19 . ar biid iouis cene nominatiuo , Sg. 99a3 . ar ní thucad dó chena hí, LU 3168 . ag feoilgherradh in ridiri ata marbh chena, Stair Erc. 758 . cheana `alwaies' (= hitherto, Ed.), RSClára 81a . ? Cf. cheana no archeana .i. o sin amach, O'Cl.

(d) More vaguely as adv. of asseveration moreover, indeed, of a truth, then, so (see PH, TSh.): ni réid chene, Sg. 238b1 . saībse, céni, i m-bith chē, Imr. Brain 45 `moreover', Murphy Lyrics 39.13 . ní boí isin bith frisa samailte chena there was indeed nothing with which it could be compared, LU 3378 ( SCC 16 ). ceist cena . . . cid as áil dúib?, MU² 332 . ó racuala in maith cena, cid ar ná cechlaind in saith?, Airne F. 237 . cia airm itá do thigerna-su chena ale?, TBC-LL¹ 1418 . ní fitir in challech nach do fhoigdi chena tánic in giIla that it was not simply to beg the servant came, Ériu i 132.81 . leicem as ar n imram . . . acht in chonair beras ar curach sind cheana, YBL 87a44 . nocha lám chena ná cos / do géba, O'Gr. Cat. 367.17 . an chloch cheana . . . on the other hand, TSh. 64 . gidhedh chena, BCC 124.30 . With ocus at beg. of sentence: ┐ chena bid lat ┐ lad chlaind co brath in rigi, RC xxiv 200.14 . ┐ cena ni . . . , TTebe 4293 . V. freq. with prec. acht: acht chena is . . . , LU 3914 ( SCC 43 ). acht chena ro-diultais etc., PH 601 . acht cheana do ghabhadar etc., Párl. na mB. 3947 . acht atā ni cena moreover, ZCP viii 111.14 .

Cf. archena, olchena.

IV Freq. with follg. co as conjunction without that, though . . . not, in some uses replacing O.Ir. ceni. Not found in O. Ir. glosses. See Phil. Soc. Trans. 290 § 56 . cenco is perh. rather to be explained from *ceni-co, O'Rahilly, Celtica ix 113 - 34 . In class. Ir. gion etc. go (see DDána), which appar. no longer felt as containing the prep. cen (gan). Form somet. influenced by cían (céin), q.v.

(a) without that, apart from the case that, because of the fact that not (with indic. and subj.): bid messu dúib . . . céin co tísaid lim it will be the worse for you if you do not come with me, LU 8082 ( FB 6 ). ní eicsind uile cenco cumhsanaind icca aisneis ria mbrath I could not relate it all short of keeping at it till doomsday, Ériu ii 136 § 120 . gén cu taibre ar hanmuin / let a talmain nisbera short of giving it (worldly goods?) for your soul, 228.17 . cumma lem etir / cen co tīas ilLaighnib I care not at all if I go not into L., ZCP viii 110.8 . cóir, cen co beth biad ocut `right then is it that food should fail thee', PH 1312 . nír bó toil do A. sin, gen gur triall la hI. do Roimh A. was unwilling not to go with I. to Rome, BNnÉ 4.25 .

Usually though . . . not.

(b) With indic. Rare in older lang.: cenco n-acatár though they did not see (her), LU 10010 . cín co fetar cia tu though I don't know who you are, RC v 200 § 15 . achd gin gur fheith iad, DDána 3.29 . comhla gen go bī (sic leg.) rem baeis, ACL iii 236 § 9 . gion gur chomhmaoidh sin though she boasted not of it, Dán Dé ii 5 . gion go ttuigthear do gháoidheilg ┐ gion go habuirthear d'ogham é, IGT Introd. 5.1 . gin co fuil, CF² 585 . cin co híbhitt na Serrisdínig fín, Maund. 61 . gin cur chaith . . . caithfet-sa `though no one has eaten', Ériu iii 158 § 10 . génco faicidhisi é, RC xxiv 371.26 . gion go ffaicfit mo chorp . . . docífitt m'fiorta ┐ mo miorbuile, BNnÉ 267 § 235 (fut. replacing subj.?). Cf. gion go bhfaicfear (-cthear, v.l. ). Dán Dé v 35 .

(c) With subj.: acht ropom airdricse, maith lim cen co bend būan acht ōenlāa even though I should live only one day, TBC-I¹ 572 . cen cop mōr mo thuasa, Mór M. 6 . cen co pat comṡáeglaig, Airne F. 19 . cenco n-essara though you eat not, Sc.M² 3 . as a rad ata a nadmaim cin co be saying untruthfully that it is . . . , Laws iv 52.30 . cian combat lia iar n-umir though they be not more in number, Rawl. 70b22 . ra raidsebair cenco tucaind ar áis doberaind ar écin that I would take it willy-nilly, LL 7685 ( TBC-LL¹ 150 ). cia fogabad cenco fagbad whether he got it or not, 7328 . cen co dernad, CRR 18 . cinco dernadais na Masilecdha do maith . . . acht . . . if the M. did no other good than . . . , CCath. 1751 . gion go dtí riomsa . . . / Dia do dhearmad, Dán Dé xxv 9 . do rígh gion go rabhtha id mhac even wert thou not a king's son, DDána 91.15 .

Occas. with loss of negative sense: gion go mbiadh gnúis gheanamhail . . . ag fear na ceilge though the deceiver should have. . . , TSh. 8965 (see Vocab.). atá ár sáith d'íoc againn gin gurab deired dúinn féin taréis na deithbire so `though immediately upon termination of this quarrel we ourselves too made an end', Caithr. Thoirdh. 119.24 .

io, iā.

I As ord. num. (the) first (with follg. noun). In Sg. somet. cétna (the usual form in later texts), and in O. Ir. glosses somet. uninflected (see GOI 230 ; isin chétne tuiste, Wb. 1a1 ). cétna persan, Sg. 191a2 . cenid ed as chetnae n-áis in homine , Ml. 44c26 . cétna netargna, Sg. 197b10 . áinsid . . . cetni diil `of the first declension', 91b4 . tobarthid cétnæ diil, 76b4 . cétna cobedne (g s.), 168b1 . far cétnu diull, 90b1 . hicétni persin, 163b6 . cetnastoir ┐ stoir tanusti, Hib. Min. 10.313 . ésci cétna mís, PH 5071 . cētna cath fiche twenty-first, ZCP xi 109 § 19 .

With follg. clause: is he céetne fer cetaruchreti . . . hi Crist, Wb. 7b11 . issí chetne aram sainigedar fri hunáir, Sg. 41b9 . issi cetna cumal ceta-ra-gaib, Laws v 394.3 . cetnagnim gnisset, SR 4197 . ónchetna duini robúi, 7889 . is e didiu cetna ndeiginach ro dhuisid `c'est le même qui le dernier ressuscita', Études Celt. ii 298.28 , cf. ZCP iii 35.25 .

With prec. art.: in cetnae sians, Ml. 36a33 . in chetna persan, Sg. 157b3 . ind cetna cétaoin, Mon. Tall. 156.1 . incetni persin (a s.), Sg. 159a2 . in cétnu slisiu, RC xxvii 280 § 35 . dar in cétna ṁbraini, MU² 505 . ó aicniud na cétne tuis- ten, Wb. 21b4 . inna cétnisillabæ `of the first syllable', Sg. 212b1 . huan cetnu dedól ind laithi, Ml. 136b1 . fon c.¤ ṅdul, 126d8a (see Études Celt. xl 82 ). ised fil isin c.¤ chetbuid, Ml. 115a14 (rectius chétnae). isin chetna sillaib, Sg. 18b2 . don chétni persin 52a19 . is in cetna nous fer nErend, Laws i 12.4 . an cetna fecht the first time, D IV 2, 75 rb 23 . donaib cétnaib forcitlaib gl. primis institutionibus, Ml. 14a12 .

With follg. clause: na cetnæ rainne bis isin chomsuidigthiu, Sg. 18b1 . With prec. poss. a cétnae n-ais `its first age', Ml. 87b10 . im chétni precept, Wb. 31a1 . As subst. ar nídad ferr-si in chétnu `for ye are not better than at first', Wb. 8c7 . in cédna ro thoimélad the first person who should eat, FDG² 222 . an ceudna the first (in list), RSClára 149b . ? tuargaib a tech . . . co riacht a dirgi fesin inna cetna, LU 8402 ( FB 28 ).

As preverb: (cf. ceta-, cét-): cétnaronas who was the first to be bound, ZCP viii 320.31 . is la N. cetnaroacht múr B., Rawl. 71a32 . M. las' cētna crecad, Corp. Gen. 363.15 . la C. cétna hort, Metr. Dinds. ii 50.28 . R. cetnaragaib cath nIndide do lāim, Ériu iii 141.214 . cia cetna ro-forchan?, PH 6410 . Cf. combad a ben cetna tísad issa tech ar thús, LU 8272 ( FB 21 ) (if not here in sense of fadéin

II With prec. art. and noun (the) same (exceptionally: co cétnu chórus, Críth G. 438 ): in trop c.¤ , Ml. 77b6 . infogur cétna, Sg. 203b9 . a cumachtae c.¤ , Ml. 48a21 . a folad cetne, Sg. 28b20 . cen forcenn ind ḟolaid chéthnai, 19 . ? ar is écsamil acenél cetne fil isindí as mare ┐ as nilus, 211a14 (? leg. cetamus , Strachan, note). na precepta cétni, Wb. 17b20 . forsna sunu cétnai, Ml. 133d2 . fon coir cetna, Laws ii 246.1 , see ZCP xiv 351 . bretha in ríg cétnai, Fél. Prol. 202 . an cumat cenda (sic) soin, BB 275a16 . isnaib cressaibh cétnaibh, Ériu ii 110 § 29 . do chungid in chon chētna the same dog (i.e. just mentioned), Sc.M² 1 . is an riocht chéadna in its former condition, Dán Dé xii 15 . d'indsaigid in Chaladonda cetna that very C., TTebe 3193 . an Ní céanna, Donlevy 88.18 . With prec. poss.: a chomméit cétna the same quantity, Sc.M² 2 .

In follg. perh. in use similar to that of fadéin: ro faidid co Sithchend cetna iad to S. himself(?), RC xxiv 196.2 . do-chuaidh don bith cétna che, BB 59a4 . Traoi chédna, O'R. Poems 1781 `the veritable . . . Troy', Gloss. dodeachaidh badhdēin cétna a persain, Fl. Earls 214.20 . air Anna Boilen, a inghin chéadna, Hard. ii 314.7 . ? do bheir tuile ar dtráigh céadna, Dán Dé xxxi 13 . ? iar cech mebail chetni, O'Mulc. 403 .

III As subst. the same (person, thing, etc.): bad hé a fer in cétne let the same one be her husband, Wb. 9d32 (`first'). Cf. donānic ar tinnorcain in chētna, TBC-I¹ 1086 = LU 5569 . la taisecc in gill innad on inna don in cetna, Laws v 422.8 ( CIH ii 477.19 ). Adv. tiagait fora rēmim in chētna they proceed on the same course, Ériu viii 157.3 nocho n-oo, nochon sinu in cétnu (i.e. Día, subject of preceding sentences), Ériu ii 106 § 16 . ní hed mo ass a cétne 'it is not my same milk', CMMucr. (Sc. Éog.) 66 § 8 (see The Heroic Biography of Cormac mac Airt 129f. n. 39 ). immon cétna, LU 1142 . a cétna, Bodl. Dinds. 18 . frisa cedna `in the same way', Mon. Tall. 138.12 . an cetna the same thing, TTebe 4840 . ca rád na cétna, CRR 26 . in ccédna dhuitsí the same to thee, ITS v 18.12 . gus na cineadhaibh do choimhēd an ccēdna gus a-niú (i.e. seanchus), Celtica i 88.17 . an cēanda (sic) do dhēanamh, Beatha S. F. 2465 . In later lang. freq. in phr. mar an gc.¤ in the same way, also, too : piseacla do cheangal isan tunna sin mur an gcēadhna, Celtica iv 67.88 . mar an gcētna `likewise', Fl. Earls 78.20 .

v (cenn)

(a) defines, fixes, settles : sech is no cinned aimsir són `that it should determine time' gl. fini, Ml. 17d4 . ní cinni aimsir donec hi sunt gl. non est finis indicium, 128a4 . 8 . cinness gl. diffinit, Sg. 137b3 . ní cinnet gl. nec finiunt, 147a9 . manud chinni gl. si . . . finit, 197a12 . deg cinte persana `because they define', 13 . ro cinnius gl. definiui, 18 . -cinnet, 15 , 16 . cinnit ┐ dofoirṅdet dechrogod inna persine fri alaili, 202a5 . airet no chindfed Dia a bethu his allotted span, LL 274a25 . tria gním in choicḟir roscind / atát óic-ḟir 'ca n-immrimm `who fixed them' (of the Five Roads of Ireland), Metr. Dinds. iii 280.55 . aran doenacht ro chinis (chinnis v.l.) a noentaig persainne frit diadacht which you decided to assume(?), Ir. Lit. 20.13 `which grew in unity of person', Ed. cia cinn . . . / saegul sein cech duini bí?, SR 7883 (sein metri gratia, :ṅgein).

With óige etc. in religious contexts pledges, consecrates: rochinn a hoighe do Dhia, BNnÉ 104.z . rochindes-[s]a m'ōighe din Coimde, ACL iii 309. 12 - 13 . ros cind manchine an meic go brath do Bherach, BNnÉ 40.34 . Note also: cindnim (cinnem v.l.) . . . a comshnaidm na desi sin daibsi `I pledge . . . the troth of those twain with you', TTebe 664 . dar chinn m[e]isi mo mheanmain `for whom I have reserved my love' (Gloss.), Celtica iv 119 § 31 .

Freq. in Laws Comm. of fixing tribute, penalty etc.: smacht urdalta . . . ro cindsett na hudair, v 312.x . ni cinnter a agae `its time . . . is not determined', 368.16 . dentadha . . . arnar cind ugdair cinnedh denmha, Ériu xvii 72 § 13 gl. 11 . So also: cinnid cāin domnaig . . . / ar na fāthaib sin `ordain the law of Sunday', Ériu iii 144 § 22 . ro-chindset . . . cach dliged bias do rīg Caisil, Corp. Gen. 207.16 . Of friendship, an agreement: ro chindset . . . a caratrad, LL 32045 ( TTr. 1232 ). ro-chinnset a cotach cáid, SR 5937 .

(b) completes, finishes : ro chind trī chōicc cert-bliadan `completed', Ériu xvii 48 § 48 . a Chríst, rochind mo cháemchorp `that didst fashion', Metr. Dinds. iv 18.22 . missi f[éin] . . . ro cinnius mo [be]thaidh `I have ended my life', CCath. 2724 . c.¤ cath brings battle to successful conclusion: im ferr-sa uair cinnim cath / inda ind ócbad amulchach (`range the ranks'), Metr. Dinds. iv 358.y . feib ro cind-si a chatha `had settled its battles', 408.18 . Cf. cinnset cian coccadh, Leb. Gab.(i) 280.1 .

(c) decides (on a course of action), makes a decision: cinnfidh, órduighidh, Eg. Gl. 117 . amail rocinn semh (leg. rocinnsem) . . . is amlaid dognem, RC xiii 29.32 . rochomailled, rochinned, Ériu iv 106.16 . With vn.: iss ed ro chinset a adnacol issin Bruig (of Cormac mac Airt), LU 4063 . rochinnistar na doíne do huilidilgenn (the Flood), Rawl. 70a7 . ro chind dul i n-ailithri, Laws v 124.4 Comm. rocindead leo mo marbad-sa, TTebe 2052 . With co n- and subordinate clause: do c[h]innsat curaidh Clīu Máil / . . . co claoidhfidīs talmain truim, ML² 1284 . ro cind ana menmain conid hé Sir Galafas, Grail 109 . ? Cf. ra cindaighe . . . go mad iad ra gebhadh righe Connacht, TFrag. 106.1 .

With comairle: docinnedh comairle cidh dogēndis fris they decided what they should do with him, ZCP viii 560.34 . 'sí comairle ro-chinnset, xi 57 § 8 . ro cinneastair (? leg. cinnseatar, n.) uile éncomuirli, CF² 21 . ó ro chinnset foran ccomhairle hisin, Hugh Roe² 150.7 . is í comairle ar ar cinnettar, CS 304.5 . With other nouns: cech laithi luain ro cinded / aideda erred, IT iii 16 § 38 . coro chinne a dáil, LL 18638 . do chéin rochind a gnim cain, SR 1343 . can bréig cinnset gach astar / dá naom déc ro taghastar, SG 25.18 .

With follg. prepp. c.¤ do x decides for x: cindimm díb . . . glónshnáthi . . . do dénum, PH 7856 . an bhean dar chinn an rí rath (of Mary Magdalen), DDána 69.10 . gach ní cindess dīa do nech, ZCP vii 302.y . ? Cf. cinnes .i. darlinges ut est adhbul fisi armotha darcinnius co dian mo cuib `I let loose', O'Dav. 562 = darchinnius co dían mo chuib, IT i 162.5 . In (perf.) pass. is destined for: is ed rocindead dun, Anecd. i 4.10 ( SCano 94 ). ? dibh cinnter ced semann, Ériu xiii 28.10 . Mac Con mar dho cinnedh do / ba heagal leo a thocht tarrsto, Magauran 3160 . an tí do cinneadh dar gcabhair (of Christ), DDána 41.29 . Note also: do cinneadh chumh aidhmhillte `are appointed to destruction', Proverbs xxxi 8 . c.¤ for (ar) decides on: as truagh an gniomh ar ar chindeabhoir (of Cú Chulainn and Fer Diad), ZCP x 284.x . is í cealg ar ar chinnsead, DDána 86.27 . With prep. ref. to subj. of vb.: ro chinnsiomh occa ina menmain gan frithbert etc. `he determined in his mind', Hugh Roe² 234.29 . do chinnes agam fén . . . a ndaingniughadh, RSClára 54.11 .

(d) In chevilles: seisear Cruithneach, ro chind Día / tangadar as in Traígía, BB 43b4 . ord ro chinnius, LL 16105 ( Todd Nenn. 252.232 ). suairc ro chind, LL 376b32 . ceart rochinn, Keat. i 148.26 .

Vn. cinniud. Part. cinnte.

n u, [m.?] (Lat. census, GOI 172 , Pedersen Vgl. Gr. i 209 ). Treated as neut. in: cis n-incis o anfine, ┐ cis n-infuilaing o fine, ┐ cis n-airdbide . . . ó fine ┐ ó anfine, Laws i 158. 7 - 9 Comm., hisa c.¤ , Trip.² 184 . Perh. occasionally as o-stem in Laws (see exx. below). cíos m., IGT § 34 . tax, tribute, cess, rent : c.¤ gl. cim, LU 8901 ( FB 68 ). mál .i. cíos, Eg. Gl. 472 . c.¤ gl. fiscus, Sg. 37b16 . athgabail treisi sloiged, ciss `distress of three days for hosting, rent', Laws i 156.27 . sáor ar chios gach cionaidh (leg. cionad?) fine(?), Ériu xiii 30.17 . re im dingbail cisa di-a tuaith `a battle to ward of rent', Laws v 300.24 . c.¤ égoir ro cuinge[d] ar an duini , O'Curry 2314 ( Eg.88, 24(25)b ). dligid císa mo dhuan-sa, H 3.18, 563 . dirodba indiunn / ar colno císu `may she destroy within us the taxes of our flesh', Thes. ii 325.19 (Hy. iv) glossed peccata, cf. cíos .i. peacadh, O'Cl. ro maith in rí a ch.¤ do Pátraic, Trip.² 187 . cána ┐ smachta ┐ císa fer nErend, LU 4207 . fis do ch.¤ co cert, KMMisc. 276 § 72 . in tan rochlomar clocān / ni furāil in c.¤ , ACL iii 313 § 19 . cis trom do-berthea forro, Ériu xvi 84.88 . do chungid in chīsa co Gāedelaib, Death-tales of the Ulster heroes 10.y . conair chissa a journey which led to (their) paying tribute(?), Acall. 7008 . dlegaid claidme c.¤ a nglantai iarna tosluccad `swords are entitled to the tribute of cleansing them', RC xii 106 § 162 . tug sé c.¤ in da theallach sin leis, Stair Erc. 1647 . cíos na gcath ag cath Bhúille `income from their battles', O'Hara 4000 , see n. cíos mar dogheabhthair don Ghall `cess is got even by the foreigner', Dán Dé xxv 7 . DDána 58.26 . ar gnē chīossae a fforcionn gach mīossa `at a certain rent, payable at the end of each month', Fl. Earls 54.3 . cíos cinnte . . . mar chothughadh óna thighearna, TSh. 10075 `wages' Glossary.

With bés: nī dlig nach rī . . . cīs nā bēs nā gēill . . . don tīr-sin, Corp. Gen. 207.8 . co fessta a ciso ┐ a m-besu lais, TE 2 Eg. = fri commus a m-bésa ┐ a chisa dóib, LU 10716 .

With descr. gen. or adj. of particular tributes, taxes: cíos na hainnise, an mhairsil ’s an tséile, Five Pol. Poems 92.196 . cíos na hainnise chailleas mar mhéirlig, 41.127 . oc tobach in chísa Céssarda, PH 2488 . cios cosanta `protection tribute', AFM iv 1152.6 . cīos is cáin Ērenn, ZCP viii 108.21 . ni rig . . . do na tabar chis flatha `he is not a king . . . to whom the rent of a king is not given', Laws iv 50.23 .i. daeraicillnechta .i. braich, 27 Comm. atait secht neimid cethra . . . bo ciss flatha no eclasa, v 260.3 .i. bo bis ac imḟulang a cisa do ḟlaith no do eclais, 12 Comm. fine cis flatha, v 318.3 .i. in fine bis ag imḟulang a cisa do'n flaith, 9 Comm. do chuinchid chísa grotha ┐ imbi, Trip.² 182 . dobeiredh dham cíos a chinn `used to pay me tribute' (polltax), O'Gr. Cat. 349.18 . c.¤ (n-)inchis see inchís ? c.¤ láime see lám. folach cis lobair, Laws i 230.24 glossed imfulaing (sic leg.) cisa in duine troig, .i. diablad in cisa, 232.25 - 6 . c.¤ nemid tribute due from person of status; uracomol cis neimid, iv 6.10 .i. in ní fora firaccomailter a cis do neimed, y. Comm. do cuireadh cíos Phádraig ar Chonnachtaibh lé Gormghal mac Dín Dáthaidh `Patrick's tribute', Keat. iii 2527 . c.¤ rigdae gl. uectigal, Sg. 52b9 . saer na bochta . . . o'n ch.¤ rigda, PH 458 . fon cis Romanach, Todd Nenn. 70.14 . Cf. mo chíos bhróin rem chois dom chailg `my tribute of grief', Rel. Celt. ii 236.11 . See also Laws i 158.7 - 9 cited above.

With a variety of vbs. expressing levying, exacting, paying tribute: ben do beim císa orainn exact your tribute from us, Lism. L. 3195 . ic brith chīsa Muman. Corp. Gen. 406.10 . fer lé cumthar c.¤ ar coblach, Studies 1920, 418.25 . do ghlacadh cíosa na sealbha `rents', RSClára 49b . ac nougudh (ag gnougudh) a chisa ┐ a chana fein orro, RC xliii 58.9 . cīs in caistiaill d'icc, Grail 3430 . oc tobuch a císa, LU 10435 . Ellipt.: co ná fil . . . / rolamad c.¤ ar Cairind `lay tribute on C.', Ériu iv 98 § 25 .

With prepp. CEN (somet. mere cheville): slíab cen chísu `the mountain free of tax', Metr. Dinds. iii 302.61 . ar do croich cruaid cen cisae innocent(?), Ériu xix 12 § 6 . FO: fo chísu cacht `a captive under tribute', Metr. Dinds. iii 8.83 . us cora mac mucsaide fo chis, Laws v 456.5 . fir 's mná na cruinne fad chíos-sa (of the Cross), DDána 2.4 . suídhe fó chíos tributis serviet', Párl. na mB. 1309 . ro laiset Cenel cConaill fo chios doibh, Hugh Roe² 114.16 . I N-: ingen Rúaid berair hi c.¤ do Fomorib, LU 10439 . SECH: dochuaid sech císu co cert, LU 3065 `i.e. she was exempt from tribute?' Fél. 53 note.

In cheville (see also above): ba buan a c.¤ , Anecd. i 60 § 88 . 65 §134 .

Compds. With nouns: do shaigdis na h-uili seo . . . co Cormac na chischain as tax and tribute, YBL 140b6 . ní thardsad císchain doibh, BB 207b35 . roinn na cíoscána, BNnÉ 258.15 . cuairt ┐ cischanachus a chinid . . . do Ch. `tribute-rents', Fen. 120.7 . ¤-thoibgeóir see toibgeóir.

v (cf. clad). In O. Ir. with s-subj. and redup. pret. In Mid. Ir. the stem claid-, cloid- or claoid- (for which see Murphy, Duan. F. Gloss. s.v. clódh ) spreads to all tenses.

(a) digs, excavates : cladait inna lige i mbiat `they dig the lairs in which they are', Ml. 76d14 . tir . . . a claetar poll, i curtar lia, Laws iv 6.11 . dia claite derc for whom a hole used to be dug, Cáin Ad. 2 . ní claide ro clas rempe no hole was dug for it (of a fork planted in the ground), LU 4813 . atá loch usci and. fegtar ┐ claiter. ro claided ┐ fríth, 177 . meilid fāebra . . . claidig (= -id) būrach, TBC-I¹ 3446 . ro fothaig eclais . . . ┐ ro claid topur occi, Trip.² 1221 . in t-uma fora claiter in aill `the copper for which the cliff is pierced', Laws i 188.x Comm. mani cláitis in talmain fothu `unless they mined', CCath. 3114 . cluidh ┐ clasacha . . . ro chlaidhset an Gaoidelshluagh, Hugh Roe² 180.11 . ? Here: ro claoi [in torc] an talamh, gur bo réigh, BNnÉ 104 § 6 .

(b) digs up, undermines, razes to the ground, levels : rumúgsat no rocechladatar gl. (altaria tua) suffuderunt, Wb. 5a24 . trethan dilenn os cach maig / is mor n-írenn ro cechlaid, SR 2234 (-laig, MS.). no chlaided na muru . . . ┐ no linged dar bernadaib, LU 8931 ( FB 70 ). ro claidhsid iarom na tri Cholla Eamuin Macha ┐ ni ros-aitrebsad Ulaid innti o sin alle `razed', RC xvii 29.32 (Tig.). claidfiter durthigi Dē `will tunnel beneath', Ériu xviii 70 § 58 . da ro clasa a n-indsi ┐ a nduini, BB 500b34 . Cf. ro múradh ┐ ro mórchlaidheadh an toilén . . . lás an Iustis, AFM v 1742.5 . vi 2022.2 .

(c) digs (a grave), constructs (a grave-mound): cor clasta a fert that his grave might be dug, LU 10738 . cladar a fert, 5704 (= TBC-I¹ 1230 ). rocechladar fert fōtmaig, TBC-I¹ 3143 . a mná fodéin claidset clud . . . / dia adnacul, Metr. Dinds. iv 76.15 . dos-bert (= as-bert) frim ara clasaind adhnacol do cholaind aithich, RC x 82.11 . cloidhis uaigh dá athair, DDána 41.23 ( IGT Verbs ex. 974 ).

(d) builds, constructs (an earthen mound and vallum): clasa (? clas a) rath la Cormac, Cymmr. xiv 106 § 3 ( Rawl. 131b35 ); but cf. roclasa a fert and, Dinds. 58 . m. Airtt . . . lasro chlassa duini hi tossuch, Rawl. 148b17 . oc imresain atām dūs . . . cia las roclassa ind rāith so, Ériu viii 157.17 . Macha . . . / las class Emain, LL 2659 . ro claitea clad (? leg. claid) imma tech, Metr. Dinds. i 4.33 . gur c[h]laidhemar aile n-ūir / gor thōgsamar trī rátha, ML² 2082 . aingil ro chlaidset mur a chille do, Fél.² clxxx 19 . ro claidh ┐ ro thorainn an cill, BNnÉ 300 § 2 . Cf. ra chlaitar in talmain dara formnaib, LL 12368 ( TBC-LL¹ 6145 ).

(e) By extension, buries : a corp 'san chill-si claittear, ZCP xiii 17.35 . cona[d]-claid-sium dano oc suide buried him, Sc.M² 23.18 . ? Here: o bas Abraim . . . / gor' claidhed clann Partaloin, MacCarthy 312 § 3 (`were smitten'. Cf. clóaid).

Vn. claide. Part. claisse.

n ā, f. (Lat. planta) IGT Decl. § 40 .

(a) plant, planting; off-shoot; produce : inna clainde gl. plantationis, Ml. 102b3 . amal bid claind no clantais (as vn.), 63b9 . nua-chlandib(us) gl. noualibus , Études Celt. xxii 212 § 62 . clanda (gl. propagines) offshoots, Thes. i 3.24 . ni tesseba de cona chlana toruth cechtarda sin offshoots (of a tree), Vita Br. 35 . daib lugbort caín co clannaib súalach, Trip.² 645 . is ann āsait clanna in terra intan nodaguire sōl, O'Mulc. 65 . docechnad . . . fora maige comtis ambriti . . . cacha clainde, LU 10950 . etham taulchach . . . is e maith do cach cloinn ┐ da cach torad olcena, O'Curry 252 ( H 3.18, p. 146 ). Cf. Ériu i 39 § 4 . da trian clainne ┐ etha ┐ blecta, LL 635 . is i uir in talman dogni silad na c.¤ cuirtir inti, Auraic. 5653 . c.¤ a glande .i. torad craind, sic is torad [duini] oinchlann, O'Mulc. 199 , cf. 287 . mar shamhail do chloinn i gcnaoi `a kernel in a nut', Aithd. D. 90.9 . an gescca tóirtech co cclannaibh sualach .i. Berach, BNnÉ 23.x .

(b) Fig. of the growth of the hair, springing locks, tresses : folt didiu cland totim `a plant of falling(?) (i.e. which grows downwards?)' (s.v. folt), O'Mulc. 568 (prob. compd.). foighéga a ch.¤ bfíthe bfionn, Rel. Celt. ii 303.4 . folt na n-órch.¤ . . . gcas, DDána 49.3 . soillse ch.¤ id chróchbharr chúil, Magauran 953 .

(c) children, family, offspring; a single child; descendants, race, clan : tuistiu claindde, Wb. 28b17 . fo besad fir trebuir crenas tíir dia chlainnd cid risíu ro báe cland les, Wb. 29b23 . a pridchas dia claind no dia mmuintir `to her children or to her household', 11c8 . hó bói mo chland et mo chenéel, 29d6 . intan ṁberes claind is failid iar sin, Ml. 129c8 . primiti a clainde `the first fruits of their children', 99b5 . inna clanda gl. posteros, 122d1 . dun chlaind gl. proli, 107a10 . inna clainde ón gl. successione continua, 109c11 . hua chlaind fri claind `from generation to generation', 100b4 . Iadumdu .i. cland Essau, 26b15 . amochland `O my child', Sg. 204b2 . a maire a grian ar ccloinne, Blathm. 597 . nech . . . bes cráibdech . . . din chlaind, Thes. ii 239.3 = cenél, 1 . na ríg di chlandaib Cualann `clans', 295 § 5 (SP v). ní amal fogní athechán orbugud a chlainni, LU 10279 ( Tochm. Em. 21 ). ōsar na clainne, Corp. Gen. 43.1 . is sī c.¤ Lugdach Hūi Ochrai descendants, 28.6 . ar ḟer . . . na festar cland na cinél dó, IT i 127.14 ( TE 13 ). a clanna no a nadmanna no a ratha her sons, Laws ii 382.14 Comm. (`agreements'). clanda Gaedil, LL 338 = fini Gaedil, 344 . aenfer rob ḟerr . . . tanic d'ḟuil na Adham-clainne, RC xviii 182.2 (Tig.). dias cloindi . . . .i. mac ┐ ingen, xiii 9.7 . nir ghabhsat clanna, acht c.¤ Neill, / Erinn, MacCarthy 426 § 1 . na clanna ┐ na cenéla `tribes and nations', Ériu ii 196 § 10 . go ruc sī triar do c[h]lainn . . . dō, ML² 605 . comrac clainne Calatín children, TBC-LL¹ 2917 . is iat na hobrigthi glana cland na hanma, PH 7813 . slaníccid claindi Adaim, 3862 . is tu ba cland dam-sa dar eis mo mac, TTebe 2103 . an ch.¤ oirrdhearc éinfhir `the famous Only Son', Aithd. D. 77.1 . an Aodhch.¤ rer dheacar dréim, DDána 79.4 . fearr beagán cloinne ná c.¤ (i.e. a single child can be better than a large family), DDána 27a . 1 ; cf. 4 . do-ní éanmhac ionad cloinne, Aithd. D. 77.1 . an tsaorch.¤ ionmhuin óg (of a single child), DDána 41.18 . cf. Magauran 2217 . tinneas a cloinne `pains of child-birth', Donlevy 348.22 .

In wider sense, márgrían inna clandsa bands , Fél. Dec. 18 .

Compds. With adj. clannbhuidhe a chúl cam a chiabh yellow-tressed, Magauran 222 . an cing cabarthach clannlínmhar . . . Finn prolific, CF² 1251 . tré chúigedh clannlínmhar Connacht, 602 . Oilill . . . / céthach clannmaith clothamra `rich in children', Leb. Cert.² 156.26 . bái fo cumachtu clannmór with numerous offspring, SR 6802 . ga chéibh . . . clannuir chais, Rel. Celt. ii 302.11 .

With adj. derived from noun. folt úr clainndleachtach (clandleacthach, MS.) `properly arranged', Magauran 933 . moltchroiceann clannollach (`fleecy(?)' Gloss.), Cath MT 169 .

With noun. tú in crann ós do chlannaicme race, O'R. Poems 25 . do chuimniughadh a gcaradra d'a gclannbhuidhnib ceneoil, MR 96.y . clannchaolach na gciabh gcam `trellis-work of the curving braids', Magauran 973 . ionnúa ro genair on cclainnfhreimh comnairt common stock, Hugh Roe² 302.4 . do Chonall cona clandmaicne, Dinds. 132 = Conall . . . ┐ a cethrar mac, ibid. is innte ro tusmit clannmaicne A., CCath. 3865 . Lir . . . cona .uii. macaib .xx. ┐ cona ch. archena, Acall. 5118 . cúic mic dég do chloinn atá ag Finn a fhégmais a c. fén, CF² 207 . an té as fhearr dá gach aicme / as hé as ceann don chlannmhaicne `family', Studies 1924, 243.16 . hi ccodhnachus a ch. `command of his people', AFM v 1724.12 . ar a son fein ┐ a c. (pro se et generacione sua), Smaointe B. Chr. 5395 . errla Gormlaidhe . . . / . . . / suairc an clannmhuine cam ceart thick tresses, Magauran 1041 .

n io [m., Críth Gabl.]. Cf. .x. c.¤ glossed saincenel claidibh, Ériu ii 3.12 . Also ca-, cu-. ?n s. in choro , Ériu v 40.1 . a p. coireadha, SG 28.12 . g p. chorae, LU 7425 . d p. ós choireadhaibh , O'R. Poems 185 . Cf. ZCP xxix 378 .

Cauldron, pot : c.¤ gl. hoc caldarium, Ir. Gl. 724 . imdell . . . itir c.¤ ┐ dabaig, O'Mulc. 740 . c.¤ .i. cōi ūire .i. úr cach n-om, Corm. Y 399 . na seacht core, Anecd. i 11.2 ( SCano 331 ). in c.¤ do bruith na n-om, LL 38339 ( SG 371. 2 ). dabach ┐ c.¤ on flaith fri dénam fleidi, O'D. 521 ( H 3.17, 423 ). core co neim, LU 7714 ( BDD 129 ). caire umai hi talla(i) torcc, Críth G. 197 . c.¤ cona inbiur(b), 174 . bla c.¤ combruth, Laws iii 266.3 . ní tuccad a chairi do thenid (of cauldron of Da Derga), LU 7771 ( BDD 133 ). fo drolmaig is fo ch.¤ , Ériu iv 98 § 26 . escraib cornaib caírib dabchaib deilg, IT iii 30.9 ( BB 301b40 ). teni fo a choiriu, Fing. R. 473 . coiri cæcdhuirnn, IT iii 187 § 8 . caire, losat ┐ criathar, Laws i 122.13 . in lind i c.¤ toll (prov.), Ériu ix 45 § 3 . díoth cruidh c.¤ Tomás `devourers of wealth are the cauldrons of T.', Magauran 3524 . maith an chuire 's a chéad torc (: duine), DDána 42.42 .

With added description of size, value etc. (see Thurn. ZCP xiv 358 ; Hull xviii 296 n.4 ) (where name of an animal follows it is uncertain whether this indicates value or size, but cf. Críth G. 197 cited above): caire Iulaice lan do lemnacht, ZCP xiv 356.1 ( Laws ii 254.2 .i. is fiu lulgaid, 15 ). méit chori cholbthaige, LU 6952 ( BDD 58 ). commeit chori cholbthaigi, 3262 ( SCC 5 ). ba mmóir choire ṅ-darta `kettle of a heifer', ZCP xviii 296.5 . coire cert ocht fichet torc (in house of Mac Ind Óc), viii 108.16 . Of an ordeal: in caire fira cauldron of testing, Laws v 472.22 Comm. fir fora nascar fir caire `test of the caldron', i 194.23 . Cori Fir, IT iii 188 § 11 . naidm caire chombrothaigh, Ériu xiii 34.15 . cranncor sceo caire cainndlige . . . an caire ada do reir coir, in c.¤ fira, O'Curry 2587 ( Eg. 88, 49(50)d ). ? Cf. gabhthar geall . . . / re cnáimh c.¤ , DDána 111.25 . Of collecting-pot of poets: c.¤ acu .i. coiri gacha clére díb. Coire Sainti a ainm, RC xx 422.14 - 6 . C.¤ ainsic see ainsic. c.¤ amaite, see ammait. c.¤ féile cauldron of plenty : boí c.¤ fēile la Laigniu, Buchat a ainm (applied to person), Fing. R. 472 = brughaidh . . . do choimhéadadh c.¤ féile ar theinidh, Keat. ii 4683 . in caire flatha `regal cauldron', MR 50.9 . Of mythical Cauldron of Plenty: coiri an Dagdai, RC xii 58.1 .

Whirlpool : cuire cróderg cubrach (of bloody river), Fianaig. 90.20 . rosbaidh coiri serb na sín (of Coire Breccáin), Ériu x 80 § 43 . imchore nandrúagh, IT iii 46 § 73 . caire cuairt-bill `whirl-pool', Laws v 298.17 Comm. In n. loc. C.¤ mBreccáin, Dinds. 145 . C.¤ Brecāin, Corm. Y 323 . Murchad M. / . . . / ērge C.¤ / Breccāin `who rises like B.'s . . . whirlpool', Misc. Hib. 46.5 ( BB 289b49 ). Cf. Reeves Ad. 29 n. Coire mBrecain, Dinds. 145 ( RC xvi 157 ).

Fig. gainitir tri coiri i cach duiniu .i. Coire Goriath ┐ Coire Érmai ┐ Coire Sois 'three cauldrons are generated in every person, i.e. the Cauldron of Goiriath and the Cauldron of Érmae and the Cauldron of Knowledge', Ériu xxxii 64 § 4 . trí coiri bíte in cach dúini: coire érma, coire goriath, coire áiged, Triads 127 .