pron. 3 s.
m. ; fem. sí, q.v. (later also í) ; neut.
1 ed, q.v. For pl. see 2 é.
In Glosses with copula :
ishé,
Wb. 4c3
.
25b2
.
Sg. 3b20
.
is hé,
Ml. 36a32
.
is hǽ
,
102b5
.
isé,
BCr. 18b12
.
mad
hǽ
,
Wb. 27b6
.
ba hé
,
Ml. 24a4
.
Wb. 19c4
.
asné,
4d16
.
Ml. 31b24
. Mark of length sometimes omitted, as : ishe
Wb. 25a24
.
Ml. 45b11
.
In early Mid. Ir. with copula 3 s. pr. issé, isé ; independently é, hé ; in later MSS regularly é. Before -som,
etc.
hésom,
Wb. 7c8
.
24d5
.
hesom,
Ml. 53a5
.
90b13
.
hǽsium,
Ml. 30c5
.
ésium,
TBC-LL¹ 1744
.
6050
.
esium,
1107
.
1189
.
LL 223b14
.
eisiu,
Acall. 1979
.
esiomh,
TBC-LL¹
3883
St.
eisim,
TBC-I¹ 2444
.
BColm. 60.6
.
esim,
104
.
12
.
éseom,
TBC-LL¹ 5971.
eseom,
LU 12a36
.
126a29
.
TBC-I¹ 559
.
580
.
eiseom,
1222
.
1543
.
TTr.² 1451
. esen
Corm. Y 276
.
CCath. 2615
.
ésen,
TBC-LL¹ 2893.
eisen
O'Gr. Cat. 488
( : seisen).
eisea,
Dán Dé xxv 53
( : móirsheisear).
TSh. 5134
.
eision,
TBC-LL¹ 3883
v.l.
TD 34. l. 189
.
In early Mid. Ir. freq. with -ss- :
essium,
PH 281.
MacCongl. 55.11
.
eissiu,
Acall. 6017.6708
.
7890
. eissiumh
Metr. Dinds. iv 282y
.
esseo,
Trip. 394.4
.
IT i 131.12
.
essem,
Ériu i 126.12
.
ZCP ix 156
( =
TBC-I¹ 1543
). essim
ZCP iii 258
( =
LU 126a29
).
eissi,
Acall. 2080.3353
.
eissin,
7642
. Cf.
hisseom,
PH 1513
. Before -side, -séin,
etc. :
heside,
Wb. 3c15
.
Ml. 100c10
.
102a20
. he side
Ml. 100b23
.
éside,
LL 219a34
.
eside,
TBC-LL¹ 2230
.
PH
929
, etc.
éisidhe,
Lism. L. 3429
.
eisidhe,
424
. eiside
Laws iv 138z Comm.
.
TTr.² 373
.
esede,
TBC-LL¹ 4502.
eisidh,
Laws i 8.6
.
esiden,
YBL 62a27
.
esidein,
BColm.
52.18
.
eisidhein,
ZCP viii 551 y
( =
TBC-LL¹ 1874
).
esein,
PH
1963
.
éisei,
Acall. 1463
.
eiséin,
Studies 1924, 242 § 7
.
eisidei,
Laws i 4.25
.
eiseic,
iv 46.14 Comm.
v 448.30
Comm.
Acall. 5944
.
ese,
Laws iv 16.17 Comm.
With
-ss- :
esside,
LU 22a38
.
ZCP viii 302.23
.
Auraic. 207
.
MacCongl. 3.11
.
hessidhi,
Lism. L. 3888
.
eissid
,
Corm. Y 276
.
eissidi,
Do Chupur 56
(
IT iii 237
).
eissideic,
Acall.
4833
.
eisseic,
6034
.
eissein,
5819
.
7982
.
In early Mid. Ir. we sometimes find es(s)ide standing
for a fem. subst. : oc siair tharisi do .i. fedb craibdech eside
PH 943
; cf.
Laws iv 176.24
(
178.4
) ;
226.7
.
The O.Ir. quantity of 1 é before the suffix is attested
by the rime
glēsom : hēsom,
IT iii 44 § 60
. Thurneysen
remarks (
Thurn. Hdb. § 447
) that the length of the vowel in
ésom may be due to the influence of 2 é which, to judge
from Welsh wy, is long by nature. In late Mid.-Ir. however the vowel is regularly short before the strengthening
or anaphoric suffixes. The shortening may be explained
by the analogy of 3 mes(s)e, tussu s.v. tú.
A detailed examination of the use of the independent
pron. in Old and Mid. Ir. belongs to syntax and would be
out of place here ; we give however some illustrations of
the typical uses for these periods. Some special uses are
noticed in IX.
I Placed immediately after the copula, in the following
types of sentences :
(a) bad he for n-ere (gl. portate dominum)
Wb. 9d12
.
is heside athir inna mmachabdae (gl. Mathathiae)
Ml. 74b6
.
ishé a ammus lemm that is my guess at it (gl. cum iam fere
centum annorum esset)
Wb. 2c27
. ba ed á n-oínbiad (gl.
mannae)
Ml. 97d8
.
Símon Bar-ióne...is e eochair na
flatha némdai,
PH 1639
. tucus aichne fairsim corb'é Ísu I
knew that He was Jesus
3736
.
ní hé Cormac beus,
TBC-I¹
13
. In Mid. Ir. the pron. is often repeated after the subj.
in sentences of this type : (a1)
is é gaiscedach as dech fil
díb hé,
LU 101a39
=
FB 14
(hé om.
ZCP iv 153
).
issé
mo lennán é,
TBC-LL¹ 4560
.
corb' e metrapolitan na primchathrach he,
PH 189
.
as é céd-duine tárla dó hé,
Acall.
624
.
fa hé céidrí Éireann do ṡíol Éibhir é,
Keat. ii 1875
.
When the second pron. stands for a subst. of different
gender from that of the pred. we get the type :
is tocrádh
mór marbhnadh Dé | ní hé an brón gan adhbhur í,
Dán Dé xxvi 1
.
dob é ceirtleath m'anma í,
Studies 1924,
428 § 9
.
(b) is hésom doradchiúir (gl. Christo Jesu)
Wb. 2b9
.
is
heside dorárricc báas dúnni,
3c15
.
is heside robu rí,
Ml.
100c10
. Mac Roth...is e timchellas hErind ind oenló
TBC-I¹ 1110
.
(c) is he Dia insin (Quis est iste Deus...? Deus sc. ille
qui...)
Ml. 83c5
.
rii benn ced ara neper? Is he rí tuathi
insin lasmbiat .vii. ngraid ḟene,
Laws iv 328.24
.
is hé rí
insin loingside siabrai,
LU 99a27
.
(d) ba he a ngnimsom molad Dǽ (quorum...officium)
Ml. 24a4
.
is sí ind inducbal lesom in molad,
126b17
.
corrophed mo indeb Crist (gl. ut Christum lucrifaciam)
Wb. 24a6
.
is e in cetna herdach celebrad ┐ procept brethri
Dé,
PH 3600
.
dob í m'ḟáilte mo riar,
Keat. iii 1450
.
issé
biadh do buí ag M. uidhe cerc ┐ aran,
BCC § 122
.
Keat.
ii 2687
.
(e) is hé rufiastar cumachtae inna diglae...in tí, etc.
Ml.
111c13
.
is ed as dulem daitsiu m'etarcnae,
103a9
.
is é
as fhoghar dá gach eon | moladh Dé,
Dán Dé xiv 23
.
Cf.
is e thainic a n-agaid Patraic .i. Sínell,
Lism. L. 248
.
(f)
asné Crist in lie asrubart,
Wb. 4d16
.
issi so a
chiall,
Ml. 65a3
. is e cētlá na sechtmaine in domnach
PH 3584
.
int shollsi-so...is e Crist mac Dé sin,
3792
.
badh í an úaisle ar n-eólaichne,
Ériu ix 163 § 6
.
gurbh í
Éire tobar draoidheachta iarthair Eorpa,
Keat. ii 963
. The
pron. is regularly in concord with the follg. subst., but cf.
is
í ar gceann báidheine an bhean,
Dán Dé ii 29
.
(g) When the pred. precedes the cop., the word following the pron. usually decides the gender of the latter :
in
choss is hé oís achtáil,
Wb. 12a23
.
Crist didiu issí in
chathir,
21c5
. cf. i dteangthaibh nach í an Scoitic in
languages other than Scottic
Content. vi 19
. Cf. on the
other hand
Wb. 3b16
,
18
.
PH 1639
(h)
is hé Dia as eola indiumsa,
Wb. 8d23
.
ní hé apstal
citarogab in testiminso,
Ml. 38c3
.
comad he Nathi bud
choscrach,
RC xxiv 180
.
ba saeth le M. nach he Brian
ba ri,
176
.
ce nib ed á ainmsom bes foir,
Ml. 23d17
. (In
O.Ir. the pron. is not obligatory in this type ; cf.
issí ind
ainim as airlam...ní incorpp,
Wb. 3d11
.
ni far mbrónsi
immafolngi fáilti domsa,
16b8
.
is a indocbál fessin condieig cách,
23d5
.
ni Dia dudgní...,
Ml. 44d21
.)
is é mo
chorp ro ádnaicis[s]i,
PH 3732
.
is é an beo do bhí 'na
chroich | doní idir eo agus éanlaith,
Dán Dé vi 40
.
gurbh í
an Ghaedhealg fá teanga dona draoithibh,
Keat. ii 964
.
(i) The copula may be omitted :
he fessin as choimsid
dáu,
Thes. ii 294.3
.
hé cotnarlaic...doib anisin,
SR 3659
.
é leth luidi,
Metr. Dinds. ii 2
.
é domrad a n-éccomhnart,
BS 48.16
.
II
(a) After interrogatives : cia hé (gl. quis)
Ml. 46c17
.
cia hé nundixnaigthersiu,
75c9
.
ce hé roscríb,
Sg.
197a19
.
cóich esein,
PH 1963
.
cidh esen itir,
TBC-LL¹ 3843
St.
cuich hé in t-airfidech ut ?,
Acall. 7525
.
cret eissein in
t-abhacc ?,
7982
.
(b) After sechi, sechip, cip (cib) : sechi he (gl. si quis)
Ml. 35b4
. sechi é cretes de illis
Wb. 15b1
. sechi sí (gl.
quaelibet)
Ml. 65d2
.
sechi sí dia rignaib,
65d8
. sechip
hé nodapridcha whosoever he be that preaches it
Wb. 14d28
.
sechip hé dán tra doberthar do neuch,
13a3
. ciphé ade
Ml. 26a1
. ponat ergo lunam (cipé) ubilibet computare
voluerit
BCr. 31c2
.
ciped ní,
PH 1520
.
gib é dig...ni
ba missi,
TBC-LL¹ 1223
.
cip é imress méla...fort,
46
. So far
as can be judged from published material cip é (gib é) is
regularly replaced in late Mid. and Early Mod. Ir. by the
anomalous gi bé (gidh bé), in which bé is fully stressed
and alliterates with b. This form occurs already in O.Ir. :
cia bé a mmet however big it be
Ml. 61b28
. cía bé
(MSS.
cebe, gibe, cidbe, etc.) dlug bías duib,
Metr. Dinds. iii 42
.
gipe ra ṡossed (cía bé roisedh v.l.),
TBC-LL¹ 6076
.
atú ar
bhaois gidh bé nach fuil,
Dán Dé ix 8
.
gi bé do bhronn a
dhá rosg,
Studies 1921, 258 § 9
.
It may be noted here that the position of the pron. in
copula (or virtually copula) sentences in Mid. and Early
Mod. Ir. is not always in accordance with orthodox
modern usage, e.g. Tadhg esiomh nó a aithgin he is T. or
else his counterpart
O'Gr. Cat. 488
(=
Ir. Monthly 1921, 291
).
III With 2 os, q.v. : os hǽ (gl. donorum amicus)
Ml.
69c4
.
oshé,
122b14
.
oshe,
123b4
.
osse cona licc fora
thairr,
TBC-I¹ 891
. Similarly with is (s), s, ocus (┐) :
deidghin...ina cinn isse níamdo,
IT i 119.27
.
a inar bláith
...is é étrom,
TBC-I¹ 1871
.
mar éan is é gan eitil,
Dán Dé
vii 22
.
in scáilfer...sé tailc,
IT i 271.11
.
andara hech
dibsidi ocus se...luath-lemnech,
TBC-I¹ 2557
.
ocus se
baccach,
PH 620
.
┐ se ina shessom,
622
.
áráit...si
imtromm,
IT i 271.36
.
IV Independently :
hésom triuss,
Wb. 7c8
. tría buith
adi innim ┐ hǽsium i talam because He is in heaven and he
on earth
Ml. 30c5
....nad cho[m] nech acht hesom fesin
53a5
.
cen fis accu he buden ina Cristaige,
PH 56
.
ni nech
aile...acht he buden ┐ Dia,
607
.
nachar mhair acht é féin
amháin,
Keat. ii 4179
. cunnradh eile atamaoidni do
dhenamh le hA., acus eisin linne, Ir. Deeds,
Trans. RIA
xv 87.22
. In affirmation :
Ferbaeth an e dothæt...
imbarach? Eiseom on,
TBC-I¹ 1543
=
YBL 31a17
. After
indá, in(n)a, ná than ( = O.Ir. oldá(a)s, indá(a)s) :
fearr
neach ele iná hé féin | dá mholadh,
Studies 1924, 242
.
do ba sine ioná é féin,
Keat. ii 1828
. After cen, eter,
1 amlaid, 1 mar, q.v.
Here also may be noticed the type : is móidi a subailchi
sin ┐ is laidirede congmus duine a n-agaid a namatt é its
virtues are the greater (for) that and it aids a man more
powerfully against his enemies thereby
Maund. 139
. do
benadh an t-iarann as an crand ┐ nir misde do bhi an
tseisrech ag trebad é the iron was removed and none the
worse was the team plowing
BCC § 76
; in these passages
the pronouns sin, é, are asyntactical. Cf. the exx. in Fasc. i 162-163.
The usages classified under V-IX belong to the Mid. Ir.
period, and later. Strachan has shown that V-VII were
in use before the end of the eleventh century, and well
established before the end of the twelfth ; see
Ériu i 176
.
The form sé which arises in this period is treated s.v.
V As subject of the copula, following the pred. In
early Mid. Ir. we find numerous exx. in which side is
replaced by eside, som by esium, etc. (perhaps on the
pattern of is éside x, is ésom x), as :
in Fiac sin dano mac
eside meic E....(v.l. mac sede),
Thes. ii 307.3
. Cf. the
O.Ir. types :
is Diasom domsa,
Wb. 1a2
.
ni augtor side
uilc,
Ml. 44d19
; these seem parallel to :
ba cosnamaid
Erenn esside an inbaid sin i n-agaid Cathail,
MacCongl. 3
-
5
.
In early Mid. Ir. eside, esium, etc. usually follow the
pred. directly, while the copula is unexpressed :
dalta
esseom do P.,
Trip. 394.4
.
bai mac etorro... .i. Mael D.
mac A. esside,
LU 22a38
. Necódim...sái rechta eside
PH 3677
.
dalta do C. beos essium,
281
. Whether this
type preceded and originated the use of the simple pron.
as subj. of the copula is uncertain; there are numerous early
exx. of (h) é etc. where the anaphoric pron. would be out
of place.
Nicodemus... .i. cara inclethi do Crist he,
PH 209
.
ní cubaid bás cosmail doib, uair Pól ennacc he, Petar
tra...écraibdech eside,
1865
. With copula expressed:
combá mac dond ríg hé,
LU 22b29
.
is la Coin Culaind...
hé,
112a24
(
FB 89
).
ba hairchindech na n-apstal he,
PH
1637
.
ba hōgshlān he,
468
.
ba cumang les he,
64
.
VI As obj. of trans. vb., replacing the O.Ir. infixed
pron. (The transitional stage is illustrated in the tautological types:
cotgair Lugaid amach hé,
TBC-I¹ 1063
.
connachrancatár hé,
LU 59a33
.
roscuirset himmach he,
PH 110
):
cona ragbad in galar hé,
LU 14b31
.
rocharsat hé,
121b35
.
rochrechtnaig eseom,
126a28
.
co cualutar hé,
PH 18
.
acall-su fessin é,
TBC-LL¹ 1652
. guid he beseech him
PH 343
. In reflexive sense:
do lecc C.C. ar a gluínib é,
BCC 274.29
.
VII As subj. of pass. vb.:
robaided hé,
LU 41a23
. cf.
rogabad hí,
41a33
. is annam fogabar he cen chatha
RC xxiv 200
.
meni frithalter innocht é,
TBC-LL¹ 1352
.
nach
acaltar é,
1694
.
rohindarbad asin cathraig he,
PH 949
.
VIII Occasionally as subj. of certain intrans. verbs:
mas re ré na fochraice táinic amuigh hé,
Laws iv 134.13
Comm.
noco bia itir hi,
42.2 Comm.
ar nach tisad friss
he,
LL 217b34
.
ní raibe a n-aicned duinde eisseic,
Acall.
6034
.
ni roerchoidigestar do hí (sc. in lassar),
Trip.
392.9
. Cf. as subj. of trans. verb:
ni torracht Herinn
andsin í,
RC xii 78
. In such exx. the pron. is regularly
separated from the vb., cf.
imridh sé éinbhearta is í,
IGT,
Decl. ex. 1113
; but:
ór ḟás eision,
TD 34. l. 189
.
Here may be noted:
ol eissidi,
IT iii 237.1
. bar
ésium (éseom) quoth he
TBC-LL¹ 4568
.
5971
.
6050
. ar esium
1189
.
bar eissium
,
Acall. 4615
. cf. ar si,
ar sisi,
IT ii2
227.34
-
5
. See ol.
IX There are a few special uses of é in a neutral sense,
without regard to gender of follg. subst. (cf. 1 ed):
(a) is e cuit in `acht' and the force of the `except' here
is
Laws iv 42.1 Comm.
is e cuit in dono ann,
136.24
Comm.
badh é a chríoch...go mbrisfimni...,
Ériu ix 164 §
14
. is é críoch a gcualabhair this is the gist
TD 31.8
.
an é a reic is damhna dhí,
22a42
.
iss é sin ciall in sceil,
Acall. 3326
.
is é áit...,
Keat. iii 5055.5199
etc.
(b) in indef. predication, as: ní hé amháin not only
that
TD 9.11
;
22.5
.
Ó Héodhusa 34.9
;
54.5
.
Mac Aingil 326
. an é nach faici-sí C.? do ye not see C?
BCC § 100
. an é nách easbol meisi ? an é nách fuilim saor ?
1 Corinth. ix 2
.
(c) referring to a statement or fact, etc.:
rucad in
Dond C....úadib...conid é sin méla ┐ mertain ┐ meraigecht
is mó tucad for C.C.,
TBC-LL¹ 2041
(conadh í sin mela is mó
v.l.).
a Dhé ní d'anaibhse mh'olc | é nach faghaim-se
furtocht,
Dán Dé vi 34
.
re hinghin Anna is é adearar |
Dia an t-eitne agus ibh an chnú,
x 22
.
as é adeirid...nach
treabhonn mé...iad,
Studies 1923, 81
.
is é chráidheas an
croidhe | mé ag áineas tar m'eólchoire,
1924, 88
. See
Strachan,
Ériu i 163
.
For é with neut. or fem. subst. in Mid.-Ir. see Strachan's
paper on Middle Ir. Declension,
Phil. Soc. Trans. 1905
.