pron. 3 s.
n. (In Mid. Ir. also occasionally
sed.
TBC-LL¹ 938
,
1057
.
LL 264b30
, etc.)
it:
ed ōndī ass id,
O'Mulc. 370
. For the typical usages of the independent
pron. see under 1 é. After the disappearance of the neut.
gender from the nominal decl., the pron. ed survived in
various special usages, most of which can be exemplified in
O. Ir. In certain of these usages ed is replaced by é in
the later lang. (cf. 1 é IX). The principal types are shown
below. In Old and Mid. Ir. ed is often found independently in virtual copula sentences, as: in gaisced gebes...?
ed is it...? it (is)
TBC-I¹ 562
. ed ad-fedem this we relate
LL 184a29
; also in the phrr. ed ón, ednonoín (see below);
apart from these, and occasional inversions, it is always
accompanied by the copula.
I ed is used in referring to a statement, proposition,
fact, circumstance, order, etc.:
(a) retrospective: ni hed insin ro légsid in Evangelio
(gl. qui dessensiones...praeter doctrinam quam uos dedicistis,
faciunt)
Wb. 7b23
. inn ed insin furuar dait? nate ní ed
(ref. to verba delictorum meorum)
Ml. 44b10
-
11
. requiren-
tibus is ed insin namma di chanoi[n] forsa trachta á qui
fructus
46c14
(cf. under II (c)). is hed ón dogníithsi (gl.
frater cum fratre contendit)
Wb. 9c15
.
10b9
.
mostairchella
sūil dar sodain, ol C. Is hed ōn atchiu, ol E.,
TBC-I¹ 1177
.
do-rat ráthachas...na ticfad...et issed ón na ra chomaill
LL 299b38
.
Lism. L. 391
.
níom díomsach...gidh eadh
aigneadh aonduine,
Content. viii 27
.
(b) anticipatory (the grammatical constr. is the same as
in III below): ni hed not beir i nem, cia ba loingthech (gl.
non est regnum Dei in esca et potu)
Wb. 6c9
.
is ed dugní
iarum atluchedar buidi do Dia nammmá,
Ml. 128c3
.
TBC-I¹ 194
.
is ed dos-gní torsech...can a ríg...eturru,
TBC-LL¹
5693
.
ro bui telchomrac i Muidh L....is hed ro tinol ropo
immned leo an aes pende do epiltin,
Mon. Tall. § 73
. Esp.
with verbs of thinking or saying:
is ed durumenatarsom
nad fess in gním,
Ml. 80b10
.
is ed as doig liun...bid
exaggeranter duintad a n-emfases
,
89d6
.
combo hed
domuined cāch combo ulc[h]a,
TBC-I¹ 1644
.
is eadh do
measadh leo, dá dtéidís...,
Keat. iii 3961
.
is ed asberatsom
is gau dúnni inna hí adfiadam,
Ml. 93d14
.
95a5
.
106d3
.
issed ra raidsetar combad é C.,
TBC-LL¹ 2920
.
4570
. is ed
adfiadut eolaig...nat boi, etc.
MacCongl. 47.23
.
assedh
adubairt, sgrib aibidil do,
BCC § 59
. Regular with an
anticipated clause of the type:
tol Dé do dénum: is ed
inchoisecht tri sodin, coic bliadni deac do thormuch for a
saigul,
Ml. 16c10
.
na banscála do thidecht..., is ed dofornet
sin...in eclais...do thidecht,
PH 3460
.
is ed fodera dam
cend do thócbail .i. Cailte d'ḟaicsin,
Acall. 3222
.
is eadh
do cinneadh leis na moghaibh an rí do mharbhadh,
Keat.
iii 2150
.
3052
.
4477
.
is eadh is indéanta dhuit neart
sluagh d'ḟágbháil,
3520
.
comadh ed aderdáis airgne do
denum,
Fianaig. 70.27
.
is eadh do mheasadar iad féin do
ṡaoradh,
Keat. iii 5736
. Cf. III (b).
II The pred., a subst. (m., f. or pl. or phr.), is placed
first and ed takes its place after the copula:
(a) ed is followed by a subst. (in this type ed would be
regular in O. Ir. when the subst. was itself neut.);
sē deich
issed ind árim sescat,
SR 756
(though here we should
perhaps take ind as = i n-, and mentally supply tiagat after
the pron.; cf.
754
. In similar lines, however, we have
isshi ind a., iss hé an a.,
744
.
558
).
dā ḟer déc bássed
a lín,
TBC-LL¹ 2898
(=
ba he a lin,
TBC-I¹ 2161
. cf.
sē cēt...ba
hé a lín,
SR 6276
).
trí catha ba headh a líon,
Keat. iii
4871
(but:
is é líon táinig rí L. ann naoi míle,
2293
et
pass.; see III (a) below).
(b) ed is followed by a pronoun:
almsa ar neamh acus
neach faī | dlaī tar in tech is ed hí,
ACL iii 236 § 8
.
aoinchineadh dob eadh iaidséin,
TD 32.11
.
(c) ed is followed by a rel. verb (a very common type):
guidhe et tomoltód ar mbáis is hed dorigénsam,
Wb. 14b26
(in resp. to: ceist cid dorigénsam). in digal dombeirsom
is ed inchosaig a frecndarcus the punishment which He
inflicts, it is that which indicates His presence
Ml. 116d3
(cf.
ind fithis tēte in peccad ishí tē[te] in pian,
28c19
).
datha na flesc cotagaib | hed nobid forsna huanaib,
SR 2964
.
tri deich...issed tiagait hi trichait,
SR 748.764
.
dá cét
mbliadan... | is ed ropo slán d' Abíal,
1986
.
LL 307b37
.
an bél dūnta as eadh budh ḟearr,
IGT, Decl. ex. 1285
.
cin
leagha... | trúagh más eadh fadera a dul,
ex. 1138
. cf.
TBC-LL¹ 5039
.
Freq. in partitive expressions:
issed namā fil and dind
ḟīn,
TBC-I¹ 1578
.
co torchair .l. leis...issed romarb don
tṡluag,
RC iii 181
.
deich fir...iss ed gebus mo chell... |
d'abbaib,
Acall. 5435
. is edh do bhúi a tigh mu thigerna
do chornnaibh: dá chornn déc, etc.,
123
. Cf.
Ml. 46c14
cited under I (a) above.
(d) The emphasised predicate is an adverbial phrase:
feadh mh'aoise gidh eadh ro bheinn | 'gá díol,
Dán Dé
xv 2
(
YBL 371b
).
gidh maith le fear fuair soirbheas | ar
n-uair is eadh as aimhleas,
vii 2
.
ar iasacht is eadh dobhir
| an domhan dona daoinibh,
xxii 8
.
isan tegh sin...
isseadh rugadh ar Slānaightheōir,
Fl. Earls 110.25
.
an
cethramadh bliadain dēg...issedh ro gairmedh airdespog
don næm sin,
100.12
. deslām fris ba hed rusgapsat
162.6
.
III The copula + ed comes first, and the pred. is a
subst. (m., f. or pl.) or phr.:
(a) ed is followed by a subst. (ed would be regular here in
O. Ir. when the subst. was neut., in Middle Ir. the subst.
after ed is occasionally fem. or masc., but instead of ed the
masc. or fem. pron. becomes regular towards the modern
period): bá sed a lín tanic, deich cét, etc.
TBC-LL¹ 708
(but:
is é lín luid,
99
) ba sed a llín deich cét, etc.
169
.
ba hedh
a lín trí naenbar,
Acall. 171
(but:
iss é lín tangamar,
5665
.
6923
.
Keat. iii 2291
, etc.; lín is in O.Ir. both m. and n.
Wb. 29a17
; cf.
Ml. 17d6
).
ba sed in chomairle ra
cruthaiged leo in bantrocht da lecud immach,
TBC-LL¹ 1356
.
704
. is ed comairle doróni P. ro tinolait leis a milid,
etc.
TTr.² 1784
.
bassed a n-anmand, M. ┐ E.,
LL 298a42
.
264b30
. Cf. conid ed andso anmanda na n-aband: Sas,
etc.
TBC-LL¹ 4214
= it hē a nanmandasid, Sas, etc.
TBC-I¹ 2739
.
(b) ed is followed by a rel. verb:
is ed as dulem dún do
engnu in stoir,
Ml. 14d7
.
amal as n-ed as moam serc
linnai adchotadsam triar saīthar saindiles sic is ed as moam
serc la Dia maicc Israhél,
92c5
.
99b5
. issed dorochar
leiss.... .i. dá Roth, dá Luan, etc.
TBC-I¹ 1371
.
as ed
tucaisi let...breth soiscela,
Laws i 8.2
.
conid ed tra tanic
ass fuil ┐ fín,
PH 674
.
is edh búi ann, torc,
Acall. 1555
.
issed is gnathḟocul ann `tarraid Aincél tú',
6214
.
táncas
.. dá ḟégad gá lín dobádar ┐ is edh dobádar, trí catha,
1782
.
is eadh bhíos d' airdrígh É. | luighe an chiontaigh,
TD 9.21
(v.l. asé). Cf. I (b).
In such exx. as the following, ed seems loosely substituted for a pronominal prep.:
cid rot imluaid? iss ed rom
imluaid d'ḟoglaim ḟessa
,
Acall. 3354
.
3900
(the form of the
reply seems influenced by such a constr. as:
is dō tānac,
dot cobairsi,
MacCongl. 116.3
.
TBC-I¹ 1594
. Cf.
V, VII
below). Cf.
Mon. Tall. § 73
, cited under I (b).
IV ed takes the place of an adj. or adjectival phrase,
or a subst. used in a generic or adjectival sense, as pred.
after the copula (cf. ni hed a mét as ned a sechmadachte
creui intan mbís pro cresco acht ised in tain mbís pro uideo
Sg. 182b3
): dús ind fīrcomtúd acus mad ed ón whether
it be true conversion, and if so
Mon. Tall. § 56
.
cōir...a
uachtar, ┐ is ed cid a ichtar,
Corm. Y 340
. manib orba
cruib...he, uair massed unless it be o.c., for if it is
Laws
iv 44.26 Comm.
in don fine iad no nach eadh,
288.9
Comm.
in cétna duine doroine Dia...ba dia dheilbh...
doforsat, ┐ robad ed in cland no genfed uadh mane tarmtheissed,
Ériu ii 132.5
.
is fer comlainn cet esiomh ┐
nocha n-edh misi,
TBC-LL¹ 3884
(St.).
is brég...┐ do rachainn
da suidiugudh curob edh,
ZCP vi 91.5
. ni sluag...sin,
acht na daire...Da mbad ed iat cid fotera na carpait fothu?
MU 20
=
LL 264b43
.
masa méth bid ed a mac,
Acall.
3500
. gaelmar Muire, a Meic na hoighi | issed thusa
o techt na cli Mary is akin (to us)...and so art Thou
YBL 369a22
.
masa bang í, gion gurb' eadh,
IGT, Decl.
ex. 1117
.
damadh a tigh no creittea...do ticfatis..., uair
nach edh, ni ticfat,
Lism. L. 355
.
ní leat an teagh...
'sní headh an chlann,
Ir. Monthly 1922, 386
. ni follus an
claechlod sin duinne mar as edh claechlod sholu[i]s an re
as is the change of the moon's light
Ir. Astr. Tr. 96.29
.
ní romór as edh a n-innmhus,
Maund. 264
.
gurab ainm
d'Éirinn .. Scotia amhail is eadh Hibernia
,
Keat. ii 5858
.
ní headh d'ogham mur as eadh do gháoidheilg, mur so :—
IGT, Introd. § 49
.
Hence ed is used with copula to assent to or deny a preceding proposition or question; this becomes a stereotyped
form of affirmation or denial: ní tabraid luighe ar bith acht
as edh nó ni hsedh yea or nay
Maund. 264
.
Luc. Fid. 100
.
in cotlad do A. innosa? nad ed āmh,
TBC-I¹ 2478
.
mad maith
let...tochailter in carnn anocht. ní hed, ar C., acht tochailter amairech hé,
Acall. 2061
.
in a[c] comed in topuir
atai? is ead am,
RC xxiv 196z
.
in a nUltaib is áil let
ferann...? ní hed um,
Acall. 5756
. crét dobeir cáí ort...
┐ in ac feicail in inaid a mbid Find? issed what makes
thee grieve...and is it beholding the place where F. used to
be? it is that
6537
.
mairg duitsiu...masa rem ṡúlibse
gebes ecla tú . ní hed deṡodain, ar in rí,
LL 303b17
.
an ar a thruaighe...? dobheirim briathar nach eadh,
Keat. iii 970
.
an dom bhreithse .. thángais? is eadh,
1931
.
nach le cinneamhain theagṁhaid na huilc? ní headh,
Parrth. Anma 71
.
Luc. Fid. 36
.
an eolach thusa orra?
is eadh go deimhin,
Each. Iol. 56.4
.
V ed is occasionally used somewhat like amhlaidh in
Mod. Ir., in introducing an assertion:
ind uair ro hairimthea a tseoid iss ed do bith lán machaire Maige F. aici,
Acall. 5523
.
iss ed do bíth ól tri nonbur...isin chuach
sin,
6007
.
cech urchar doberdis cuici is ed do thecmad ar
cenn meic...do lucht in tsída,
1685
. Cf.
sed ba cumma
cū ┐ ech ┐ dune and,
TBC-I¹ 2001
.
VI Adverbially with vb. of motion, anticipating the
following route, destination, etc.:
issed dolotar timchell
nhErenn fo tuaith,
Trip. 16.14
.
is ed doch[u]atar iarum
la toeb in trachta Lesbetai,
TTr.² 574
.
issed dochoid i tir
Eogain,
Trip. 150.19
;
154.24
.
TTr.² 233
.
issed ruc a
ech inní D. co tech a ingine,
Metr. Dinds. iv 304
.
TBC-LL¹
6154
.
AFM ii 1150.15
. An elliptical constr.? Cf.
is ed
didiu leth lotar...timcill Eirenn atuaidh,
Lism. L. 138
.
VII In idiomatic use with impers. subst. verb: is hed
dathar dún (gl. maledicimur quod speramus in Deum viuum)
`therefore we are in evil plight'
Wb. 28d4
.
hore nopridchim
dúibsi ished dathar dom,
21c9
. is hed romboth dom
(eo quod habeam in corde vos...et in defensione)
23a24
.
5b31
.
is hed inso romboth dossom (gl. cum gentibus edebat)
19a9
.
Cf.
ced taī doib,
TBC-I¹ 410
. ni nach cin aile no taid dom
(gl. ego ergo inimicus vobis factus sum, verum dicens vobis?)
Wb. 19d26
, and see attá.
VIII ed is also used in the following phrases: cid (gid)
ed
though it be, yet, however, nevertheless: rosrengtha...
a ḟogaimen fo chenn. ┐ cid ed ni rochotail yet he did not
sleep
TBC-I¹ 2512
.
cid ed ōn,
177
.
Cáin Ad. 6
. ní
bái immarcraid neich dib ac áraile, acht cless in gæ bulga
ac C. Cid ed ón ba conganchnessach F. na agid-side even
as to that, F., on the other hand, was horn-skinned
TBC-LL¹
3009
.
cid hed aman,
SR 7254
. Cf.
gidh eadh sin,
Each. Iol. 48.26
.
issé sin in tres inadh...narb áil liumsa
do ḟeicsin... ┐ gid ed rachat letsa ann,
Acall. 2092
.
LL 295a42
.
robámarne ar in comrac...co rabadur ar
cuirp ina cró-lintib fola, ┐ cid ed tra is sinde fa trén issin
chomrac,
Acall. 6495
(ar ái tra v.l.).
7168
. díon ar ṡlógh
é agus gidh eadh | ar brón, a Dhé, ní dídean GF,
Ir. Monthly 1919, 623
.
398
.
cidh bé trath dogéntaidhisi
seruis do Dia...co ngébthaidhi in talam. cid edh an
fedh anfuidhi an[b]ar pecaib ni fuil ecla acainne romaib,
Maund. 123
.
tuc [an sagart] Crimthann mar ainm air...
acus gedh eadh, docondcas do Dia...nar cnesda...an
t-ainmsi do beith air,
BCC § 53
.
Adeir Sanderus, etc., gidh
eadh ní fíor an ní-se adeir Sanderus,
Keat. iii 14
.
do
chuir teachta uaidh...'ga iarraidh orra braighde do chur
chuige. gidh eadh fá hí freagra Dh. ar na teachtaibh nach
tiubhradh braighde dhóibh,
4400
.
3932
. = L. autem: atáid
uamha ag na sionnchaibh..., gidh eadh, ní fhuil ionadh...
ag Mac an duine (
Luc. Fid. ix 58
),
TSh. 8119
.
gi edh ,
YBL 353b23
.
359b44
.
gi eadh,
355a28
.
See also
Studies 1922, 410
.
TD 1.8
.
Keat. iii 220
.
gidh eadh bhós,
TD 8.38
;
22.15
.
gidh eadh, trá,
20.3
.
Sometimes in past tense, cérb' (gérb) ed:
Dia etrumsa
┐ in t-anfíren, or C., ┐ gerb ead nir ḟác in baile,
LB 273b29
=
SG 53.26
. In:
ní thiobhra an corp cead a mhúinte | a
mhacnas orm gidh eadh raibh,
Dán Dé xix 6
(=
YBL
393b
), gidh eadh raibh is apparently subjunct. of: is eadh
atá, cf.
Dán Dé xv 2
, cited u. II (d) above (the MS. a
macnas may also = i m.). cip (gip, gib) ed may be used
in same sense as
cibé (gebé): ciped mac díb nogabad
gasced,
TBC-LL¹ 1089
(v.l. cibe St); but the analysis is doubtful, cf. under 1 é II (b), and see attá, 1 is.
mas(s) (massu) ed
if it is, if so, well then, therefore
(freq. in narrative as well as in argumentative composition; cf. massu ed béso mó a fius dúibsi (gl. tanta passi
estis sine causa? si tamen sine causa)
Wb. 19b11
. and
also
Sg. 50b13
.
88.2
.
192b7
):
is bec linne...beith duitsiu
i cléir chlerig . massed, bar in file, fácbam na clercho,
LL
306a31
.
M. ingen Aengusa rí Ulad do tsenmathairsiu...
Mass ed is ó Ultaib...tucamarne in mire ata induind,
Acall.
5754
.
in a nUltaib is áil let ferann...ní hed um...Mass ed,
ar F., rachatsa...co hE.,
5757
.
7967
.
Keat. iii 1510
.
4401
.
féach, a léaghthóir, bíodh gurab ar sluagh B. do bhí M. ...,
maseadh do bhí do cheilg idir sé féin is L., nach táinig, etc.
4476
.
ii 3803
.
3862
.
mar bud ed
as it were (ironical): an tí as ionnraic,
mar budh eadh who pretends to be honest
Dán Dé xxii 20
=
YBL 401b6
.
ní ed a mét (gl. nec tantum, non tantum, non solum
Ml. 112d2a
.
121b16
.
122b15
.
145d4
.
Wb. 23c7
). ní ed
nammá, noc(h)on ed nammá, later ní hed amáin
(replaced again by ní hé amáin, see 1 é IX (b)); in tan
doberdis desmeracht asin chanoin ba hoinlebor leo in
tsaltair...┐ ni edh namma dana, nach maigin in-airimther,
etc.
Hib. Min. 2.58
. srian muinci dergóir fria graig | ocus
nocon ed nammā | turid airgit... | iss ed fil is tig hi tā
SCC 31
. fil secht flaithi for a bru | ┐ nochon ead namma |
fuil secht mna cach enfir dib, etc.
IT ii 182.221
.
is ed
atbeir conid rig... ┐ ni hed nama, acht michométaid ar
sapóti-ne,
PH 2587
.
do léigcebur...ar talam dúinne, ó
nach raibi Crist aca chosnam... ┐ ní hedh amáin acht do
tidhlaicc duinne é ar son [b]ar pecaidh,
Maund. 123
.
PH 7337
.
BCC § 84
.
ni hed amain rocrochsabar hē, acht
a bualad ┐ a fhanámut,
PH 2934
.
ni hedh amáin do cuir
se a cosmailes re hE. é, act do chuir se...os a chend
é,
BCC § 50
.
§ 69
.
§ 72
.
ní headh amháin do ghabhadar na
sagairt...orra féin bheith umhal...acht fós do ghabhadar na
heaspuig féin orra é,
Keat. iii 1349
. adubairt...go tibrad
se dósan é, ┐ nach edh amháin acht go tibradh se dō gach
dáil, etc.
BCC § 116
.
§ 132
.
is córaide so do chreideamhain
nach eadh amháin airdeaspog Mumhan ghairthear...
d'airdeaspog Caisil, acht fós go ngairthear airdeaspog Leithe
Mogha uile dhe,
Keat. iii 316
. Cf.
cid hed aman,
SR 7254
.
cid ed amáin da-neth...rapo lór...,
LL 241b20
.
Similarly:
ní hed, ni hed sin: ni hed sin tra, acht
tecait uilcc immda ele assin adaltras,
PH 7783
.
ed non(n)oín (< ed inonn oín?) this has only been
noted in the O. Ir. Glosses, where it renders idem and
identidem; it seems to be an artificial construction, possibly
an imitation of unus et idem:
ed nunnoín (gl. idem in:
`filium matris' idem dicit quod et `fratrem')
Ml. 70d1
.
ednonóen (gl. identidem)
Sg. 201a11
. With neut. art.:
a n-ednonóen aiccent in uilt indib `the same thing (to wit),
an accent'
55b3
(see note,
Thes. ii 109
, and
ZCP v 8.31
).
ed ón (rarely id ón): whether the .i. of the O. Ir. Glosses
is to be so read is doubtful, in spite of the occurrence in
Mid. Ir. MSS. of .i. as a compendium for edón, see
Thurn.,
Thurn. Hdb. i p. 24
. In the Harl. copy of the O. Ir.
treatise on the Psalter (Hib. Min.), however, the .i. of Rawl.
B 512 is in some cases represented by ed on e.g.
Rawl. B 512 ll. 195
,
435
. In
Auraic. 357
(=
2731
Y) .i. is expl. by: ed un
(ed on Y) .i. ed a oen erniud no ed a oen an eolaig (cf. Y).
edon quasi idon .i. scyendumm
.
Corm. Y 571
. In later
MSS. often adhon. For use of .i. see
KMMisc. 102 ff.
That is, to wit
, `id est':
tre metur .i. (edon v.l.) metur
dachtalacda,
Hib. Min. 6.187
. eiligiacum metrum
.i.
(edon v.l.) metur eligiecda,
6.195
. dor-rime S. inni n-ali
n-and .i. (edon v.l.) beatus
, etc.
13.435
.
441
.
áliss Pátricc
Dubthach im damnae n-epscuip...idón fer soer socheniúil,
Thes. ii 241.8
(=
Trip. 344.9
).
dubbert P. cumtach
du F. idon clocc ┐ menstir,
241.16
.
gladiolus adhon
sailestrach,
C IV 2, 25va 6
.
edera arborea adhon eigheand
na crann,
RC ix 231.7
.
ri rogab M., edhón Feidlimid
mac C.,
Hib. Min. 65.2
. aní léaghthar ag Daniel san
seachtmadh caibidil, eadhón go bhfacaidh sé beathadhach,
etc.,
TSh. 1024
.
as an bhfocal uathadh san choisreagadh,
eadhon, In nomine
,
O'Dowley 2.2
.