v
copula (see Strachan, Substantive Verb in O.Ir. Glosses
(
Phil. Soc. Trans. 1899
); Ó Máille, Verbs of Existence in
Irish; Dillon, Nominal Predicates in Irish (
ZCP xvi
,
xvii
) ;
GOI § 814 ff.
; Ó Nolan Studies in Mod. Ir.).
USAGE.
The copula is alway unstressed and proclitic. The
normal order of words is vb.+pred.+subj., e.g.
is cele dae
in fer hisin,
Ml. 30c3
. is bésad inna flatho doem et dofich
(i.e. to protect and to avenge is a princely custom),
Wb.
9d2
. Prec. by asyntactic nom.:
fáilte cáich bad fáilte
dúib-si,
Wb. 5d24
. mad i n-aeclis tra in choss is hé óis
achtáil `if then it be in the church, the foot is the practical
folk,'
12a23
. Frequ. in verse:
Illand mac Scanlain is marb,
Anecd. i 12.24
.
andar la fer bis a cein | Inber Cindbera
is reid,
15.1
.
a comrádh bind nocho brég,
35 § 81.
An
inversion of the usual order (see Ó Máille, op. cit. p. 74)
occurs in: nī bu ṡanctBrigit ṡúanach (v.l. sanctbrigit
suanach) `Saint B. was not drowsy,'
Hy. v 21
(see
GOI p. 476
and
n. 168
).
is tria chin mban | bit
fernai fer dlochtai,
LU 8430
(FB, rhetoric). Common in
rel. sentences in Fél.: mórṡlúag A. | dia mbu Demon
dubach `from whom the Devil was sorrowful,'
Fél. April 2
.
súi
diand Ériu inmall,
Sept. 10.
manach | asa díthrub dubach
`whose hermitage is gloomy,'
Prol. 98
(but:
S. | ata soilsi
slechtae,
Sept. 7.
Carissim ... | asa rúamdae relic,
Ap. 16
).
Where the predicate is a compound phrase the subject is
introduced into the middle of it (Strachan, op. cit. p. 49.30),
e.g.
is irlam ind anim do thuil Dée,
Wb. 5c18
.
nirbu samlaid
són doibsom,
Ml. 90c27
.
nibo mór a mbríg linn,
Wb. 18d10
.
In O.Ir. when the subject of the copula was a personal
pronoun it was, as in other verbs, implicit in the verbal
form:
am irlam,
Wb. 13c8
.
at fechem dom,
32a21
. combed
adultera
`so that she should be a.',
3c9
. nirbu choimdiu
`he had not been a lord,'
33a5
. bad carthi `let him be loved,'
Sg. 148a2
. nítat ainmnidi `they are not nominatives,'
189a10
.
amal bemmis bibdaid,
Ml. 114d4
. It was frequently
strengthened by a pronominal particle suffixed to the
pred. not necessarily to express emphasis, nor to distinguish
between persons: niba dimicthe-se libsi `I should not be
despised by you,'
Wb. 21d3
(but: nida apstal apstil `I am
not an apostle's apostle,'
18c1
).
massu rath-som,
5a30
.
ciasu i colinn am béo-sa,
19a20
.
it firian-su,
Ml. 55d11
.
ammi cland-ni doib-som,
101d9
.
ropsa huallach-sa,
49b12
(cf.
GOI § 811
).
nimda scál-sa ┐ nimda aurdrach,
ZCP xiii 373.11
.
The logical pred. of the copula may be (a) an adjective ;
(b) a prepositional phrase; (c) an adverb; (d) a pronoun ;
(e) the substantival demonstrative í; (f) the subject of a
relative verb; (g) a clause introduced by as n- `that it is' ;
(h) a substantive.
At all periods of the language the predicates (a), (b),
(c) and (d) immediately followed the copula.
(a) In O.Ir. the general rule was that the predicative
adj. agreed with the subj. of the copula in gender and
number (see Dillon, op. cit., for development from O.Ir.,
of which he cites as type:
it moírb in boill sin,
Wb. 11d11
,
to Mod. Ir.:
is mór iatt, is saidhbir na tírtha so,
Maund.
§ 138
,
§227
).
(b)
amal as o spirut,
Wb. 15b7
.
ciaba beo bid do precept
anme Crist,
23b29
.
is occ maid atáa,
6a18
.
condib tria
n-uile mbethaid ón,
Tur. 71.
is fria binn aníar atá t'esérge,
Thes. ii 242.3
(Ardm.).
is airi asbersom ...,
Ml. 126c10
.
cid tre étged rop othar,
Críth G. 61.
nochon ara omun
cena,
TBC-I¹ 2364.
gonadh uime sin adeir I.¤ ...,
TSh. 4816.
(c)
níp and nob irpaid,
Wb. 8b2
.
hóre is amne atáa,
12d7
.
is samlith is comadas dúun ...,
Thes. ii 246.3
(Cam.).
(d)
mad hé á luum,
Wb. 4a14
. bad hé for n-ere `let
Him be your burden,'
9d12
.
rupu sí a rreilic,
33a22
.
is tú
is diliu limsa diib,
IT iii 83 § 69.
ionnus gomadh é féin bud
ughdar réna bheathaidh,
TSh. 3406.
When the logical predicate of the copula was either (e)
the substantival demonstrative í or (f) the antecedent of
a relative verb, or (g) a clause introduced by as n- `that it
is' a pronoun was introduced immediately after the copula
to act as grammatical predicate while the logical predicate
stood in apposition to this pronoun.
(e)
matu hé ata horpamin indí rochomalnisset recht,
Wb. 2c14
.
bit hé magistir dongegat indhí asindisset a
tola féisne dóib,
30d8
.
it hé in toirthi amal sodin inna hí
adfiadatar hi testimnib file isint salm anuas,
Ml. 46c14
.
(f) is hé didiu in tecttaire maith condaig indocbáil dia
thigerni the good envoy is he who seeks his lord's glory,
Wb. 8d20
.
it hé inimici lessom qui fraudant et qui iniuriam
faciunt
,
9c25
. it hé gními epscuip asmbeir sís the works
of a bishop are the things he mentions below,
28b20
. is he in
firfindbathach no in firion atcobra na huile beatusa
the
truly blessed ... is he who desires all the blessings,
Hib. Min.
429.
(g)
is ed asberat ind heretic as laigiu deacht maicc indaas
deacht athar,
Ml. 17c7
. ni ed a met as n-etarcnad dun
`not only that it is known to us,'
138a12
.
is ed asberat as
ndu deacht ... rogabad in salm so,
24d29
.
is ed adfet a
legend as ndath glas roboi forsind sléib fo chosmailius
saphirr,
Ml. 84d4
.
(h) With indef. noun as pred.:
condib dídnad domsa
foirbthetu hirisse dúibsi,
Wb. 1b1
.
combad notire rod-scribad cosse,
27d16
.
mástat carait ... mastat námait,
LU 9090
-
1
.
níor ghníomh meirbh,
DDána 91 § 24.
With def. noun as pred.: in O.Ir. and early Mid. Ir. a
definite substantive can immediately follow the copula.
Even in O.Ir. however a pronoun is frequently introduced
immediately after the copula as grammatical predicate,
the logical predicate standing in apposition (cf. (e), (f) and
(g) above). This is the normal construction in the later
language: ni a doenacht fesine ru-da-n-ordan `not his
own Manhood has dignified Him,'
Wb. 33c5
.
ni in cholinn
donatháira acht is a n-accobor,
3d3
. is athir-som innaní
techte foirbthetith `he is the father of them that possess
perfection,'
2c11
.
mad Ānlūan no-beth is'taig,
ScM.
§ 16.8
.
is Duid a oenar rochachain inna psalmu,
Hib. Min.
134.
With pronoun:
bit hé na precepta cétni no pridchob
doib,
Wb. 17b20
.
is hed a trede sin foloing,
29d17
.
is hé
in peccad rogéni a n-uile comaccobor,
3c25
.
After the introduction of the pronoun, the normal order
of the sentence seems to be that in which the predicate
follows the pronoun but this order does not appear to be
fixed and the predicate may be put at the end either for
emphasis or for the better balance of the sentence, e.g. a
predicate which is the antecedent of a relative verb is
most usually placed after the subject. Predicate and subject can only be distinguished by means of the context and
the distinction, it would seem, is by no means as clear-cut
in Irish as in other languages.
Predicate immediately following pronoun:
ní ceilsom
tra as n-é Crist in lie,
Wb. 4d16
.
issí ind ainim as airlam do
chomalnad recto Dé ní in corpp,
3d11
.
measaim gurab é
an bás, an marcach úd,
TSh. 37.
Subject following pronoun: mate nama anfolaid in cele
falla frithgnama `if neglect of service was the only disqualification of the tenant,'
Laws ii 324.6
.
ar is he besad felsub
etarcert di dúlib et saigid forru et nebchretem a n-adiadar di
crist,
Wb. 27a10
.
it he caeli la suide ind apstail soscelae,
Ml.
42b7
.
is ed mind n-aingel Crist mac Dé,
LU 944.
measaim
... gurab í an chathair úd Ierusalem an domhan,
TSh. 708.
In O.Ir. where the subject of the copula was a pronoun
of the 1st or 2nd person, it required no other expression
with an indef. pred. than that supplied by the 1st or 2nd
person of the copula:
at macc ríg,
Trip.² 970.
itib ingena
ríg talman,
1138
.
am dún díthogail,
IT iii 53.26
.
Cf. Mid. Ir.:
is descipul ... tu-su,
PH 2768.
conid mog
De thú,
510
.
is gadaige thu,
7781
.
is clann én athar ┐
én máthar sind,
7501
.
With def. pred. the usage in O.Ir. is not certain (? at
lūam in gaiscid grind (but: v.l. at tualaing gaiscid grind),
Bruchst. 12 § 20
). In the saga literature the normal expression is:
Setanta ... atomchomnaicse,
LU 4892.
Rí
Alban atomchomnaicse,
RC xiii 446 § 31.
Cf. Mid. Ir.:
is me Oengus céle Dé,
SR 8009.
ni thu
Issau semnach na slóg | acht is tú int engach Iacób,
2876
.
is mesi Ísu mac Dé,
PH 3732.
misse Marcellinus, comorba
Petair,
612
(but cf.
Tuan mac Cairill mesi,
LU 1219
).
At all periods of the language the expression of the
copula in the 3rd persons was not obligatory at the head of
a principal sentence:
alind á óiph in forcitil, nemnech
immurgu a inne,
Wb. 7c1
.
faelid-sem ... | os me chene
am faelid,
Thes. ii 293 § 6
(
SP II
).
cride hē, | ... | ōcān ē,
Bruchst. 69 § 160.
ili insi Mod | ... | liä dāma Domnaill,
9 § 12
.
Aed Ailig, inmain lim hé,
ACL iii 304 § 1.
Andreas
ard a ordan,
Fél. Feb. 6.
glē la cāch immorro ba for teithed
luid C. remiseom,
TBC-I¹ 1260.
móra a molta,
Gorm. March
5.
Fer Loga mo lennān-sa,
ScM. § 20.12
.
gnáth tromthóir dhoirbh 'na dheaghaidh,
DDána 85 § 30.
ionann
sin ré a rádh ...,
TSh. 2826.
SPECIAL USES.
In periphrasis (see Strachan, op. cit. p. 49): nitat huili
robtar uilcc filii Israhel
`all f. I. have not been evil,'
Wb.
11a23
.
is do immarchor chóre dotíagat ind fir so,
5a5
.
Elliptical: demes .i. mess dēde and, ūair it dá scín lais
there are two blades ...,
Corm. Y 438.
is dos didiu isin blīadain
tānaisi in fochlac .i. it ceitheora duillne fair,
423
.
nī ba
comairle aile acht a c[h]rochad,
MacCongl. 19.4
.
Manibad
were it not for
, etc. with follg. accus.:
mainbad
éicin,
Wb. 4a20
.
manipad taschidetaid ind metir,
Ml.
136c2
.
manibad trocairi ndáe,
111b28
.
manipad do chrúass,
Trip.² 1370.
menbad bíth einig F.,
TBC-LL¹ 1855.
Later replaced by subst. vb.:
meni beth in clessín ingantach,
2063
.
ropsar marba ... | meni beth Find,
RC vii 302.183
.
To express an obligation: praind do tomailt la marb
hi tig ... is a hurcul `to eat a meal with a dead man in the
house is forbidden,'
Mon. Tall. 153.4
.
ma dorat(d)a forcraid
ngill is lóg a enech ... do aisiuc,
Críth G. 288.
ma ro-achtaigh comain airithi ina setaib, is a beth do, ┐ masa
comain do rer dligid roachtaigh, is a beth air `soll es ihm
werden ... soll er es bekommen,'
Cóic Con. RE § 13.106
.
On sentences of the type ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung,
see Bergin,
Ériu xii 197 ff
.
Confusion between copula and subst. vb.:
gérbho soicenelach hé iar ccolainn ro bai soichenelcha iar menmain,
RC xxv 390 § 3
(? or read ro ba). dogniind ... airchisecht
dib, mar no-béind athair doib `as though I had been their
father,'
PH 6107.
Frequ. in ACC:
boe (bui, bái, boi, v.ll.)
sab suithe cech dind .i. ro bo sab daingen no soad cech
ndimus,
RC xx 168 § 26.
boe saegul sneid .i. suail nó bec
nó garit a saegul,
§ 24.
boe seim sáth,
§ 25.
boe dind oc
libur leigdocht,
§ 27.
FORMS
(a) from O. Ir. glosses and texts in Thes. Pal. (for
further exx. from O. Ir. glosses see Strachan, loc. cit.).
(b) from other texts.
In Mid. Ir. the forms of the copula in the 1st and 2nd sg.
and in all persons of the pl. fell to a great extent into disuse,
their place being taken by the 3rd sg., of the tense required
with a pron., corresponding in form to the O.Ir. infixed
pron. or to the poss. pron. of the person and number to be
expressed, infixed between it and the following predicate.
Occasionally the inf. pron. was added to forms other than
sg. 3, e.g. nídam for nída (s. 1), atar, atin (pl. 3+ inf. pron.
pl. 1) for ammi, bem for be (fut. s. 1). These forms while
at first used impersonally as already occurred in O. Ir.,
e.g.
issum ēcen,
Wb. 10d24
,
isat dílmain-siu,
Ml. 55d21
,
diandam thísed mucc ḟonaithe robad-am béo,
Stories from Táin 5.16
, later came to be felt as simply the copula, as is
shown when plural forms are folld. by pl. adjj., e.g.
nibar
troig,
SR 3641
,
gurdar síthaig,
Hib. Min. 82.23
,
acht co
mbadar maithe díblínaib,
TBC-LL¹ 35
; and by such instances
as:
gidar comaltai,
ib. 3680
.
ropdhar fir chomdeirgide,
ib. 3535
. As it is not always possible to discover whether
a particular writer regarded this combination of copula + inf.
pron. as such or as copula only, all such examples have
been grouped together, so that, for instance, all the forms
under subj. past s. 1 below should be taken not necessarily
as being, to the mind of the writer, that particular form
but rather as being his way of expressing what would in
O. Ir. be expressed by combin, etc.
Examples of the 1st and 2nd persons are found both in Classical verse and in Early Mod. Ir. prose but the more commonly occurring forms are those of the
3rd sg., number and person being expressed by independent
pronouns:
is ort iarraim gidh óg thú,
DDána 67 § 3.
is
fearr mé iná thú,
IGT Introd. 22 § 90.
t'fhearg, a rí, ... |
re searg dí bu fhearr inn-ne,
DDána 10 § 22.
ag an druing
... rénar milis briathra borba,
TSh. 1568.
do bhríogh nach
cumhachtach sinn féin ris aní se,
30
.
is beannuighthe
sibhse,
5669
.
do bhríogh gurbh fheasach thú gurbh amadán
mé,
9638
.
Indic. pres.
A. Absolute
s. 1
(a) am:
am tualang dano a hétarcerta,
Wb. 12d22
.
is airi am cimbid-se,
27c22
.
(b) am, im, isam,
isim, sam:
am senóir ┐ am lobur,
Trip.² 2045.
am caemsa
... am maccam,
TBC-I¹ 583
-
4
.
amm eolach,
TBC-LL¹ 1750.
uair am aithrech,
SR 7824.
(cf.
isam aithrech,
7789
).
im
fáilid,
Ériu v 224.73
.
as me Ulltán ... im fili, im faidh,
BNnÉ 257 § 214.
From early in Mid. Ir. period the form
isam (<is s. 3+ inf. pron. s. 1) occurs, side by side with am.
In follg. exx. it must already have been understood as
s. 1:
uair isam bensa curad caín,
LU 8440
(FB).
issam
ingen ríg,
TBFr. 163
=
im,
ZCP iv 38.11
.
asam senoir,
CCath. 5495.
issim
meabrach,
Acall. 3115.
orsam (=ór isam) heolach,
SR
1786.
sam crochta gan cionadh réil,
Ó Bruad. ii 132.11
.
s. 2
(a) at, it:
at fechem dom,
Wb. 32a21
.
air it firian-su,
Ml. 55d11
.
(b) at, it, ot, isat, asat:
at meirb,
Fél. July 19
.
at ferr do lāech indó-sa,
ScM. § 16.8
.
fobīth ad ōegi,
TBC-I¹ 507
(YBL) =
dáig ot áegi,
LU 4996.
it gilla co ngicil,
TBC-I¹ 2667.
id file,
Content. iv 2.
isat lac,
Bruchst. 30 § 67.
isatt áil-siu dam-sa,
SCC 739
.
isit aneōlach,
MacCongl.
122.9
.
isat duni dána,
TBC-LL¹ 3057.
asat tretholl-sa,
TBC-I¹
3632.
s. 3
(a) is, rel. as`:
is samlith is comadas dúun,
Thes.
ii 246.3
(Camb.).
is hé céetne fer ceta-ru-chreti,
Wb. 7b11
.
is ferr ainm do denom de,
Sg. 26b5
.
is cele dae in fer hisin,
Ml. 30c3
. Freq. written iss before vowels:
iss uisse,
Wb.
22c21
.
iss i rráe choir immumruidbed,
23d30
.
iss ed inso
nád chumaing,
Sg. 209b13
. Freq. written together with
a follg. initial s, one s falling out:
isuáichnid,
Wb. 23d30
.
isamlaid,
Thes. ii 11.40
(Bcr.). rel.
brothchán as chóir duib,
Wb. 33c15
.
as choimtig,
Sg. 54b8
.
(b) is(s), as, us, es, rel.
as`, is` (it is not clear when lenition ceased to be used after
the cop. used relatively. It is less often marked than not
in TBC, see
Ériu xiv 90
,
93
,
94
):
is túath oirdnither ríi[g],
Críth G. 493.
is toirthech int inber,
Trip.² 370.
is gabtha
na eich ┐ iss innilti in carpat,
MU² 49.
is cosmhail Samson
┐ an bás,
TSh. 763.
iss a miad neich dogniat mancuine,
BCrólige § 50.
iss messe rorecsabair,
SR 3636.
i[s] slān
in fear,
Laws iii 156.5
.
isaer ém domrimgartsa,
LU 10307.
as iat na fir[a] fola no saraigthe,
Cóic Con. H § 59.
in ti do beir ... as e do ron,
Laws iv 32.19
.
as do hIddomdaib do,
PH 6946.
In TSh. `both abs. and rel. are written
as in MSS.,'
TSh. Introd. xx n. 3
.
es dilmain,
Anecd. iii 23.5
.
es coitcend,
ib. 2
.
essed dobeir ...,
26.24
.
es bec trá ná comráncatar inn a mméur ocus a coss,
CMT² 58 § 132
.
es de boí inn nem-sin fuirri(r),
CMT² 60 § 133
.
ar us aire isperar ...,
Laws i 264.7
.
ar us
merle cach n-indligiudh,
ii 70.25
. Somet. the vowel of
IS is dropped:
┐ síad bhīos ag coimhēad,
Feis Tighe Chonáin 1341.
rel.
as chóir,
Mon. Tall. 146.27
.
as chórus,
Críth G. 223.
a n-us tol lat-su,
MacCongl. 33.9
. ? With class C inf. pron.:
forband ... as-dom moo airli,
Echtrae Chonnlai 121 § 6
. After constructions which
take rel. n- the predicate of the copula is eclipsed (where
the first word of the predicate is unstressed the usage varies):
do thaidbsiu as n-iress nóibas,
Wb. 19b14
. as ndia side gl.
doceo,
13a18
.
as n-é tairrchet,
6d6
.
as ndirruidigthe a
n-animm-sin,
Sg. 56b10
.
as ndí Assaraib ... rogabad in
salm-sa,
Ml. 35a10
.
asberat as ndu deacht ... rogabad,
24d29
(but cf.
adciam ... as ar chenél cruche adrímther ...,
Thes.
ii 246.25
(Camb.)).
amail is n-adētchide in flesc,
Corm. Y
606.8
. In Mid. Ir. rel. n- dropped out:
uair ... as inann
nadúir don duine ┐ ...,
PH 7433.
amail as diaisneisi in
Coimdi,
Ériu ii 144 § 159.
in tan is indligthech iat,
Cóic Con. H § 14.
amail as crom craobh fo chnoibh,
BS
54.15
. Very early the non-rel. form IS is used for rel. and
vice versa, see above:
cía dit maccaib is diliu latt ?,
Trip.²
1774.
mer is laugu,
Corm. Y 809.
is ed is chonar fugill
ann ...,
Cóic Con. RE § 24.
intí is cosmail do Dia,
PH 6266.
ní íar chána is ḟairbrígh d'ḟir,
IGT Decl. ex. 980.
pl. 1
(a) ammi, ammin, immi:
ammi techtiri árt-phersine,
Wb. 24d9
.
ammi irlaim ... do dul martre,
4b21
.
amminn
imdibatai-ni ┐ ammin dilachtai,
Ml. 83c3
. airmi (leg.
airimmi, Ed.)
ardu-ni,
23d23
.
(b) ammin, ar, dar, atar,
isar, atin:
is olc ar mblāth amin gorti,
TBC-I¹ 1614.
amin
mairb,
BDD² 330.
ar troig ... dot' impartain we
are wretched,
SR 1482.
ar n-idain fiad testaib Dé,
3583
.
fortgellam Dia ... dar slana on chinaid-se,
3612
.
cid einech rígh rontidnaic | atar dimdaig ...,
Hib. Min.
p. 82.x
.
isar scítha énirti,
CCath. 2562.
`atin budig de'
ar an oicc,
Anecd. i 5.18
(cf.
batin aithrig,
Ériu i 68 § 3
).
pl. 2
(a) adib, idib, adi:
adib cland Abrache,
Wb. 19c20
.
adib oís muntire,
21c4
.
adi mmaicc,
9a13
.
hóre adi ellachti,
21c17
.
ar idib maithi,
16b9
.
(b) itib, at(a)bar, atfor:
ár
itib ingena ríg,
Trip.² 1138.
itib lía andú,
BDD² 412
(=
dáig
abtar (leg. atbar) lia andúsa,
LU 6870
).
┐ itib degdoene,
LL 281b28
.
atabair ecen,
LU 8097
(FB).
is dásacht a
ndognithi-si ┐ atbar dásachtaig fen,
LB 212a10
.
atabar
glana-si,
PH 5262. 5264
.
apraid fris at for n-aithrig do
debaid fris,
Cymmr. xiv 118.11
(
Rawl. 132b29
).
pl. 3
(a) it, at (once only in non-rel. sense), rel. ata`, at, et:
it carit domsa,
Wb. 5c7
.
it dássactig,
12d36
.
it coitchena,
Sg. 10a1
.
air at cuidi tirmaidi sidi,
Ml. 123d3
. rel.
in mairb
ata thestis,
Wb. 30a11
.
it sib ata chomarpi,
19c20
.
do
retaib ata chosmaili fri fír,
Ml. 51b8
.
it hesidi at inbésa,
45d1
.
it hé sidi et inbéso,
27a9
.
confitetar són ata ndoini,
91c18
.
(b) it, at, isat, isid, rel. ata`, at:
at remra na loeg ┐
it buidig na hoegid,
Hy. v 25 Comm.
it é inso trá gníma
bóairech,
Críth G. 183.
it móra,
Trip.² 1291.
isat
úathe dó ilib,
3096
.
it cadlai dí ingein A.,
Fél. Dec. 9.
at bidbaid,
IT iii 502 § 10.
isat bána,
514 § 7.
hit imṡláin,
SR 194.
at mora,
3625
.
id mesa indád demno,
Anecd.
iii 27.4
. at aena `these are of one day,'
Laws i 156.y
.
at
móra glonna Medbi,
TBC-I¹ 1668.
it cāema,
583
. cf. is
mōra na comada' ... `isad mōra,'
2233
-
4
.
i n-ifern isid bronaigh,
Anecd. iii 55.29
(Síaburcharpat) =
at brónaig,
LU
9462.
at cotarsnai,
PH 711.
isat lána,
5870
. rel.
it é ata
érlama,
Trip.² 1539.
amuis ata chórai,
Críth G. 578.
dí gérait at glainiu,
Fél. May 7.
saire ada lugu,
Laws v
102.6
.
laích ata dech,
BDD² 757.
adad dech,
1159
.
seoit
... ad adhailge daib,
Anecd. ii 53.3
. áos ata etromae cinaith
`whose sins are lighter,'
Mon. Tall. 158.7
. dāine ata maige
imarīadam `on whose plains we would drive about,'
Otia
i 122 § 4.
B. Conjunct.
I Neg.
s. 1
(a) níta`, nída`:
nita chumme-se friu-som,
Wb. 20c25
.
nida apstal apstil,
18c1
.
sech níta aidlicen,
Ml. 70b7
.
(b) nída`, nídam, nídom, nímda, ním, níam, níom,
níum:
nída choimsech mu ṡoíre,
Trip.² 2976.
nida (nidu,
v.l.) dīr dermait it is not fitting for me to forget,
Ält. Ir. Dicht.
i 16 § 1.
nidha bheo-sa,
TBC-LL¹ 6080
(fut. sense).
nīdam macc,
TBC-I¹ 645
(=
nimda,
LU 5129
).
nīdom sāitheach,
TBC-I¹ 507
(=
nimda,
LU 4996
).
nīm láech cen lāmach,
TBC-I¹ 2260.
nidam dermatach,
LU 10286.
nidam snímach,
SR 2382.
nim dana,
2069
.
nimda scál-sa ┐ nimda aurdrach,
ZCP
xiii 373.11
.
nidom athair do duiniu,
viii 561 § 2
.
ni dam
ben-sa fós do,
Caithr. CC § 93.
nida Christadi,
Irish Texts i 2
§ 4
.
nidom chuchtach,
BS 30.1
.
níom tualaing suan,
TSh. 2144.
ní um claoidhte re a gcionnluas (ní um chl.,
v.l.),
Ó Bruad. ii 138.6
.
s. 2
(a) No occurrence.
(b) nída,
nídad, nídat, nít:
nida tūalaing mo ergairi,
Ériu i 116 § 6.
nidad dichumaing,
Anecd. i 11.13
.
nít marbdae for tercphit,
Fél. Sept. 8.
nīt mess methchrainn,
Bruchst. 17 § 33.
nít firlaech-su,
TBC-LL¹ 1343.
nidat doss ós duss,
3460
.
nidat
mac-sa,
FDG 718.
s. 3
(a) ní (geminates the follg. consonant, e.g. is rad dáe ... ni mmarilliud `(it is) not my merit,'
Wb. 21c20
):
ní cuman lim,
Wb. 8a3
.
ní cuit broto acht
is dugrés,
Ml. 32c10
.
(b) ní (a form nís occurs once in ACC
and may possibly be archaic: hua Airt nís Neill co nert
`not with N.'s strength is he,'
RC xx 406 § 128
):
ní rí Caisil
co rón-ordnea,
Trip.² 2302.
ní tiamdae tim-som,
Fél. Prol.
259.
ni cosmail smachta cacha raithe,
Laws iv 78.4
.
ní
segda,
LU 1655.
ni fír,
PH 2715.
ní críonna an tí nach tuigeann,
DDána 35 § 2.
ní hiongnadh an meas soin do bheith
...,
TSh. 243.
The follg. exx. from TBC show lenition
after ní but they may be scribal errors:
ní ḟlaith Ulad
nod chosna,
2788
.
ní ḟurusa,
3050
. In Mod. Ir. ní prefixes
h to a fully-stressed word but not to a proclitic:
ní ag
cnúasach bó am theagh atá,
Éigse iii 168 § 9
(and see
note). With inf. pron.: nímdil cid dīthrub Temair
(glossed: ní hinmain lem T. cid fas),
Hy. ii 44.
ním-nert acht mac Dé I have no strength but ...,
LL 133b8
.
nin-fissid frisbered omnu huain `not to us is the Knower
who used to avert fears from us,'
RC xx 164 § 16
(ACC).
nin forcetlaid,
ib. § 18.
pl. 1
(a) nítam`, nítan`, nídan`:
nitam toirsich (sic leg., Ed.) gl. non angustiamur,
Wb.
15b21
(a prima manu).
nidan chumachtig for n-irisse,
14c41
.
nidan chosmili,
14d37
.
ar nitan reprobi-ni,
18b9
.
(b) nidar:
nidar n-idain,
SR 3626.
nidar glain,
1609
.
pl. 2
(a) nítad, nídad (see
OIPG p. 66 n.
): nitad lib
fésin `ye are not your own',
Wb. 9d11
.
nidad óegid,
21b14
.
14a8
.
ar nídad ferr-si,
8c7
.
(b) nibar, nifor:
nibar troig,
SR 3641.
ni for gliccu ... inda oen na n-ánmanna,
1235
.
is tróg niforn-intliuchtach (? leg. -aig),
1238
.
pl. 3
(a)
nítat, nítaat, nídat, nít, nis:
nitat cosnama domundi,
Wb. 7d12
.
ar nitaat cosmuli,
9b17
.
nídat chummai,
Ml.
115b3
.
nit derachti,
128d1
.
(b)
nídat calaid,
Fél. Jan. 17.
nít mórdai fria ngudi,
March 1.
nītad tabartha,
TBC-I¹
2856.
nídat námait,
LU 8264.
nidat glain,
SR 7996.
nidad tlaithi,
1571
.
nidat carpait,
MU² 374.
nit righ os
ro-chathaib,
LL 386a18
.
nīdat cuibde,
MacCongl. 7.16
. In
ZCP xx 371 f.
, Thurneysen gives the follg.
exx. of a 3 pl. form, nis, occurring in Law texts: acht nis
cosmailsi comarba[i] `aber Erben sind nicht von Gleichheit,'
Laws iii 42.25
.
atait tri comurba la Feine, nis comsaer a
cuir,
46.18
.
nis dilsi acht a tri,
ZCP xiii 21.17
.
nis cuir
bel dilsi,
xii 365.1
.
nis maithi dam log n-aisi, logh sinsire,
log fognama,
ib. 8
.
II With dependent negatives:
(a) nád
who (or which)
is not, that (it) is not
(see s.v. 1 nád, 2 nád, 3 nád and Strachan,
loc. cit. l. 1007 ff.).
(b) nant, nan
that (it) is not
(see s.v. nan
and
Subst. Vb. l. 1011 ff
.).
(c) nách
that (it) is not
(see
s.v. 3 nach, 4 nach and
Subst. Vb. l. 1018 ff.
). For nícon,
noco, nochon, etc., see s.v. nícon.
III With interrog. particle in-:
s. 1
(a) inda: inda
apstal `am I an apostle ?,'
Wb. 10c20
.
(b) ?
anom (=indom)
adbar gascedaig,
Ériu xiv 89.2175
(=
TBC-LL¹ 1186
).
s. 2
(a)
No instances.
(b) indat:
indat creitmech,
Trip.² 917.
indat ómnach ?,
Lat. Lives 90.0
.
indot eolac[h],
CCath.
2883.
indat sochenel,
PH 695.
s. 3 For both (a) and (b)
the interrog. particle alone is used, i.e. in (later an) :
(a)
in
cuntubart lib inso,
Wb. 3c3
.
in ed fodera báas domsa,
3c33
.
(b)
inn a síthib in do déib dúib ?,
Trip.² 1114.
co
fessur ... in he [Is]sau no inne Iacob,
SR 2884.
an beó do
thigerna ?,
BDD² 1519.
pl. 3
(a) indat: indat mbriathra ?
`is it the words ?,'
Ml. 44b9
(cf. sechitat n-é (sic MS.), V
below).
(b) indat:
nocon fetarsa indat ilgnae do-chuirither
in folt fair fo indat trí fuilt failet fair,
BDD² 1125
-
6
. indat
facsi don purt are they near ...?,
LU 1873
(ICM).
indat
pettai sút no indat éoin chena,
TBC-LL¹ 1328.
Later the
interrog. particle without pl. suffix is used also for pl.:
co
findara in n-iat tanic,
PH 440.
IV With neg. interrog.
s. 2 (a) cenita: cenita chumgabtha-siu `art Thou not exalted ?'
Ml. 84c3
.
s. 3
(a) cani,
cini:
cani doich,
Wb. 5b35
.
cani messe immoforling cretim
dúibsi,
10c18
.
cani mebuir lib,
20a5
. cini glé lib ...,
12d4
.
cini inonn,
18a16
.
caní románda .ó.,
Sg. 49b23
.
(b) cani:
Ōengus do guin ... cani ōin do decraib Dē ?,
Bruchst. 50 §
110
.
These forms were early replaced by nách q.v. s.v.
5 nach (nách).
Interrogative sentences containing cía,
cid
who, what (is). etc.
(i) The copula is not expressed
after cía but that it is implied is clear from the follg. rel.:
cinuid mic n-altrumu, cia forsa tiagat ?,
Laws ii 178.3
.
cia roblaiss bethaid ┐ na faicfe éc (qui vivit ┐ non videbit
mortem),
LL 281a32
.
cia tir ass as[s]am lat do thabairt
dúinne,
ZCP viii 318.33
.
gá cara don uile as fhearr,
A. Ó Dálaigh xv 5.
cia in fear sin ?,
Anecd. ii 9.22
.
cía can
duib ?,
Trip.² 1113.
In gen.:
coich úainn hí ? to which
of us will it belong ?,
811
.
íarfaigset dó ... cúich he,
LU
1838.
With verbal ending added:
cóichet na heich se ?,
8522
(FB).
(ii) cid (see Thurneysen,
GOI § 466
):
cid
as dénti frisin,
Wb. 12d41
.
cid as maith,
12d12
.
ní
tucthar cid frissa-sennar,
12c46
.
cid is conair ... is sed
is conair ...,
Cóic Con. H § 138.
cid ara n-
why ? :
cid ara ndéntar pecthach díim,
Wb. 2a10
.
cid ara cuinchi-siu sein ?,
Thes. ii 307.12
(
Hy. ii Introd.
).
cid ara n-eipenar ?,
Laws ii 194.2
. cid ara cuirther do trise ina lesa so ?,
i 236.9
. cid
how ? cid na déccaid uili how do not ye all see,
Fél. Prol. 201.
cid ēcōru mo beithse and anās ...,
TBC-I¹
2224.
pl. 3 citné (`gekürzt aus ci ata n-é
,' Thurn.,
ZCP xx
372
): assindet sunt tra citné cumacte diandid cóir in
fognam `what are the powers unto which the service is proper,'
Wb. 6a9
. citné briathra robatar `what were the words ?,'
Ml. 61b7
. citné robatar `what were they,'
ib. 8
.
citne a
nanmand na soerbard (caidet, v.l.),
IT iii 5.8
.
ceitni
trī seōit fūair C. ?,
ZCP xiii 5 § 19.
citni rig ... robatar' sind
amsir sin ?,
SR 2347.
The corresponding form in the Laws
is cisné: cisne lesa do na ibh sen tascnat treise `what cases
of these extend to three days ?,'
Laws i 230.21
.
cisne tri
biada na tuillead leaptha na hapta,
v 438.14
. cisne trí
ana soitcedach `what are the three wealths ...,'
Triads 239.
Sometimes cis immediately precedes the noun :
cis formmenn écndaircc doslíat dílsi ?,
ZCP xii 366.25
.
cis ndíthle
do trebaib na tuillet dire ?,
26
.
cis forcsen fola la Fēne ?,
BCrólige § 65.
cis lir
how many:
cis lir congellait for tresi,
Laws i 230.3
.
cis lir lanamna docuisin la feine ?,
ii 344.1
.
cis lir chuir dochuisin ?,
iii 4.5
.
cis lir fodlai filet forsin
mbairdne ?,
IT iii 6.13
. cf.
cit lir fodlai ...,
ib. 20
.
V With various conjunctions.
(i) cía, cé, ci
although,
that.
s. 1
(a) No instance.
(b) ciam, cidam :
ciam toebnocht,
SR 1540.
cid am laech-sa,
TBC-LL¹ 1677.
misi gedam
foidhidech,
ZCP xii 393 § 10.
gidh im c[h]rochbán-sa,
BS 138.y
.
giodh am midhiongmhala,
Parrth. Anma
333.18
.
s. 2
(a) No instance.
(b) cíasa, cidat :
cíasa lobur,
no rega,
Trip.² 1282.
cidat fír-Dhia ... ro-gabais colaind
ndoenda,
PH 163.
s.
3
(a) césu, céso, cíasu, cíaso, cíasa :
cesu threde in tummud,
Wb. 21d13
.
ciaso ḟolud ... sluindes,
Sg. 211b7
.
(b) césu, céso, cíasa, cid, gid :
césu réid ar
lebrán,
Fél. Ep. 133.
ciasa (ceso, v.l.) femmain [m]bolgaigh
[m]bung (see
Ériu xii 197
),
Corm. Y 1059.64
.
ciasa díthrub,
Metr. Dinds. iv 42.2
.
ciodh olc an bás nádúrtha,
TSh. 987.
gidh ionann atá ...,
2900
.
pl. 1
(a) No instance.
(b) cíammin,
gidar :
cíammin bí,
BDD² 329.
gidar comaltai,
TBC-LL¹ 3680
pl. 2
(a) cenuded', cenotad' : cenuded issidi (=ḟissidi)
`although ye are knowing,'
Thes. i 713.25
(Tur. Cod.).
cenotad
maic-si raith,
Wb. 33b8
.
cenutad suíre,
4a10
.
pl. 3
(a) cetu',
ceto' :
cetu chummascthai,
Sg. 62a2
.
ceto écintecha,
203b10
.
(b) ciato', cetu', ciat, cidat :
ciato chomṡruithi,
Críth G.
493.
cetu cummai a feba,
Bruchst. 39 § 94.
cíat ísliu fíad
dáinib ... bit áird,
Fél. Prol. 153.
cidhat (cit, v.l.) ili fuile,
Corm. Y 975.39
.
srotha in dithruib ... ciat serba slassa,
SR
4071.
cidat mora,
446
.
cidad mōra,
TBC-I¹ 2235.
ceat olca,
ZCP vii 269 § 17.
Ériu ii 122 § 63.
cía + neg. s. 3
(a) cinid,
cenid :
cinidlúith (=cinid dlúith) lib,
Wb. 12b9
.
cinith mút,
Sg. 5b4
.
cenid ed,
Ml. 85b11
.
(b) cenid, cini :
cenid mé in
murgelt,
LU 3022
(H).
cini di sīl Chuind dóu,
ZCP xiii
375.10
.
(ii) má (ma) s. 2
(a) No instance.
(b) masat (masae,
v.l.) :
masat mac Dé,
PH 4708.
masad acuraig,
CCellaig
449
.
masat eólach,
ZCP xiii 3 § 5.
másat (masae, v.l.)
geilt,
BS 100.13
.
s. 3
(a) masu', maso', masa' (see
Thurneysen,
KZ xlviii 60f
.) :
masu chundubart,
Wb. 4d28
.
masa choimdiu,
Ml. 108c16
.
(b) masu', masa', mas' :
see s.v. 3 má (ma). Add :
masu ar oítid,
Trip.² 1483.
mása thol,
584
.
a Ḟir diad masa thú,
TBC-LL¹ 3659.
massa anfisac,
Laws iv 36.25 Comm.
mas da fis,
22 Comm.
mas é Dubthach,
TBC-LL¹ 2780.
masad (massa, v.l.) ḟír,
Mór M. 266.15
.
mása thoil leat,
TSh. 8093.
más é is
críoch,
1366
.
pl. 3
(a) matu :
matu hé ata horpamin,
Wb. 2c14
.
(b) masat, mástat :
masat elti,
MU² 399.
mástat carait ... mastat námait,
LU 9091
(FB).
ma + neg.
s. 3
(a) manid :
manid fír,
Wb. 13b14
.
17b32
.
Ml. 21a11
.
(b) manid, minad, minid, munid, minap, munab :
manid
caindleóracht,
LU 9196
(FB).
minad hé,
BDD² 1287.
minid hé,
917
.
mani daig,
593
.
munab follus,
TSh. 5164.
See s.v. 3 má (ma) and
TSh. Introd. xxi n. 3
. The form
béso, bésu is used as a subjunctive (for its origin see Thurn.,
KZ xlviii 60.f
.) : bésu dagduine cini estar túari `he may be
a good man,'
Wb. 6b23
,
24
.
massu ed béso mó a fius dúibsi,
19b11
.
(iii) co n-
so that.
s. 1
(a) conda :
is rad dée immum-forling conda apstal,
Wb. 13b6
.
conda marb,
19a17
.
17c10
.
(b) conda, conam, conadam, conidam :
domāncatar-sa
uile | conda eōlach a n-achne,
Otia i 127 § 29.
conam
torsech co haithbe,
128 § 33.
rom ebail Sencha ... conidam
trén,
LU 10285. 10304
.
conad am lista liumm fadén ┐ nach
am inmain frisnach āen,
MacCongl. 95.4
.
s. 2
(a) No instances.
(b)
condat adbartnaigthi-siu,
PH 1795.
s. 3
(a) condid,
conid :
condid flaith do in coimdiu,
Wb. 9d2
.
tremiberar
... conid ainm dun chrunn,
8a5
.
condid di thetacht in
spírto ... profetauit
,
Thes. i 496.26
(Ardm.).
conid e epscop
insin cita-ruoirtned,
ii 241.15
(ib.).
conid femen,
Sg. 123b2
.
condid étrummu,
Ml. 90a11
.
connid ed,
91a19
.
(b) condid,
conid, conad, cunad, etc.:
condid ann,
AU i 434.22 (A.D.
916)
.
Hib. Min. 25.
conid eiter a lamaib ...,
Mon. Tall.
153.12
.
conid edh,
AU i 538.6 (A.D. 1015)
.
conid soillsi,
Corm. Y 426.
LU 10931.
10306
.
PH 2245.
720
.
conad
dēach ainm gach sillaibe,
Corm. Y 500.
PH 1371.
6132
.
Laws iv 18.2 Comm.
cunad fír,
MU² 284.
cunid soillsithir,
554
.
condad leis Aidhne,
Ériu i 46.32
.
conodh i,
Ériu iii
141.206
.
conud e,
RC vi 184.19
.
gonid lór,
ACL iii 306
§ 1
.
gonadh aire sin ...,
Ó Héodhusa 51.1.
TSh. 1824.
5960
. conid was replaced by gurab (gur), gura originally
a subjunctive form :
corop Tuigi im Thamon and sain,
LL ii 9911
.
gorop de atá Cruachna Áe,
ii 12397
.
innister curab pecthaig ...,
RC xxiv
378.17
.
gurab droch-duine ...,
PH 7682.
corub iat,
445
corab í so,
7334
.
gurb i luaithreadh ...,
TSh. 300.
gur
bréagach a bhreathnughadh,
395
.
gurab é an bás,
37
.
gurab tearc,
94
.
er co ra mian leisin nádúir maith do dénum,
PH 7394.
gur tú mo Chruthaightheoir,
Donlevy 406.5
.
gur ionmholta,
132.10
.
do-fedar gura tú C.,
ZCP viii 546.26
.
Cf. also :
casmail lem gom (=co mba) e in mac beg,
538.15
.
pl. 1
(a) condan :
hóre ronsóirni ... condan fírianichthi,
Wb. 2d14
.
immunrordad condan maicc togu non naturae
,
20d10
.
(b) No instances.
pl. 3
(a) condat :
condat anman
som,
Sg. 188b3
.
condat reli inna aicsin hisin,
Ml. 51d15
.
(b) condat, condot, cundat :
condat e tri decmainge in
domain a d[t]indtud,
Laws v 426.3
.
condat cora,
SR 296.
SCC 320
.
PH 736.
cundat marthanaig,
MU² 310.
gondat Ulaid,
TBC-LL¹ 704.
(iv) With cen co (not found in
Glosses) :
(b) s. 1
gon com (gen gob, v.l.) maith-se oc immarbáig,
TBC-LL¹ 3219.
s. 3
gion go glan mo sgáth,
DDána
24 § 30.
gion gur caomh a dhreach,
91 § 6.
(v) With no :
s. 1
(a) nonda', nunda' : amal nonda thorisse `as I am
trustworthy,'
Wb. 10a28
.
a nunda thinnachtae-se,
Ml.
126d12
.
s. 2
(a) nonda', nunda' : lassaní nonda brithem
`when Thou art judge,'
Ml. 92a15
.
a nnunda chocuibsid-siu,
58b6
.
38c27
.
pl. 1
(a) nundem, nundan :
oire nundem
membur uili du Dea,
Thes. ii 246.5
(Camb.).
á nnundan
deeth ní,
Ml. 120b3
.
pl. 2
(a) nondad :
amal nondad maicc
cóima,
Wb. 27b16
.
(b) These forms did not survive O. Ir.
(vi) After the co-ordinating conjunctions sech and noch
the absolute form is used. See under 2 sech and 1 noch.
sechi
whoever, whatever
probably contains cop. s. 3 : sechi
é cretes `whosoever believes,'
Wb. 15b1
. sechi hed bás són
`whatsoever death ...,'
13c1
.
sechi dú nu-t-soe-siu,
Ml.
112b6
.
pl. 3 sechitat hé `
whoever they are
,'
49a19
. sechitat
hé (né, MS.) `
whatsoever
,'
Thes. ii 25.38
(Bcr.). (Cf. indat
mbriathra, III above).
VI With various prepositions in relative clauses.
(i) i
n- (in many exx. has the force of a conjunction, see
Ériu
i 12
) :
s. 2
(a) No instances.
(b) inda : cid at-chí dúnd,
inda fisid `since thou art ...,'
BDD² 545.
s. 3
(a) indid,
innid :
cia airm indid immaircide do epert amén,
Wb.
12d18
.
ind labrada innid eula nech,
Ml. 42c4
. indid mailliu
a tuile `by which the flood is slower,'
Thes. ii 14.35
(Bcr.).
20.41
(ib.).
(b) indid, inid, inad, ina: indid Niall ... ro
malart since it is N. ...,
AU i 438.26 (A.D. 918).
indid
Alend is dún fás,
Hail Brigit § 14.
inid mo athair ... ortabairsi,
BDD² 737.
Bruchst. 47 § 105.3
.
inad gilla óc ...
tarfás dúnn,
BDD² 161.
PH 5029.
do Maig Mell inid rí
Boadag,
LU 10004.
aít init sruithiu dliged oldas naidm,
ZCP xiii 23.1
.
inad ina fairsingi in cathuir,
Maund. § 75.
eccla ifirn ... 'na minic fóidh guil,
ACL iii 216.17
. Forms
originally perf. and subj. came to be used as pres. indic. :
sé céimeanna 'nar cosmhail ré chéile iad,
TSh. 1231.
ní
fhuil ainm oile ... ionarb (ionab, v.l.) éigean sinne do
shlánughadh,
2088
. neg.
traigle i nach ūathad uidre,
Bruchst. § 88.
teagh is nach uathadh urra,
DDána 119 § 23.
pl. 3
(a) indat : indat iudei itirroscar[sat] fri hiris n-abarche
since they are Jews,
Wb. 5b34
.
cid ind aimser indat sláin
ennaic som,
Ml. 76a6
.
(b)
in am indat slána,
TBC-LL¹ 952.
inat ṡlana,
1386
.
(ii) día n- :
s. 1
(a) No instances.
(b)
díanda, díanam : Chríst dianda chéle `whose servant I am,'
Fél. Ep. 307.
an rí díanam gilla,
ZCP v 497 § 12.
s. 2
(a)
No instances.
(b) díandat :
cia díandat céliusiu ?,
TBC-I¹
1382.
s. 3
(a) díant, díandid, dían : intí diant ainm discessio,
Wb. 26a5
.
in rét diant torbach ...,
Ml. 121d1
. dian-did nomen hiber,
Sg. 100b1
.
in son diandid tintud ...,
Ml.
37a10
.
dian duthoig Liphe,
Thes. ii 295 § 4
(
SP v
). neg.
di nach follus (=dunach, Edd.),
Thes. ii 8.35
(Acr.).
(b)
díand, díanid, díanad, dían, díanda, dían(d)at, dána, dán,
etc.:
dianid opair oen laithi,
AU i 342.22 (A.D. 839)
.
Corm. Y 825.2
.
fer dianid comainm Labán,
SR 2944.
diand
sanctlethan slondad,
Fél. June 12
.
April 22
.
indī dianda
coimmēid,
Corm. Y 269.
892
.
dianad ainm clí,
275
.
PH
5180.
5494
. mí diandat (diando, MS.,
dianid, v.l.) ainm
Marsiius,
Corm. Y 892.
cid dianat maith ind uair si ?,
Hib. Min. p. 50.6
.
Cū dīan comainm Culand,
TBC-I¹ 2263.
dianaid rī,
560
.
dian serb cach sruith,
ZCP vi 267 § 2.
cia dana céile thusa ?,
viii 545.2
.
Ériu ii 229.19
.
drem
dīb dan eōl,
ZCP viii 216 § 78.
Laws iv 60.12
.
ACL iii
237 § 15.
na nathrach neimhe danadh ainm tyrus
,
TSh.
8973.
Pres. subj. and perf. forms used as pres. indic. :
darab ceann sgríbe an chríoch dhéidheanach,
TSh. 725.
cia d'ar ceart,
Donlevy 106.7
. neg.
airchindech do nach
diur adhultrus,
Laws i 58.22 Comm.
do neoch do nar bo
chotlud,
TBC-LL¹ 2962.
cia dánach feasach ... ?,
TSh. 6401.
pl. 3
(a) neg. : donnatdet adblama inna esiu (leg. inna hísiu,
Edd.) `to whom these things are not ready,'
Thes. i 713.23
(Tur. Cod.).
(b) díanat, díandat :
amail rondeiligthe
sinethae dianat anmanna dela,
Corm. Y 431.
Metr. Dinds.
iii 312.116
.
bó ... díandat slána a secht mbliadna,
LU 8122.
(iii) ara n- :
(a) arndid :
cid arndid ísliu aesce quam sol
,
Thes. ii 22.41
(Bcr.).
in di accuis ... arndid coitchen ...,
Sg.
200a13
.
(b) ara n- : is ed sin ara n-amra `arcu fuin' `for
which a.f. is admirable,'
ZCP vii 312 § 26.
(iv) ó n- :
(a)
óndid, ónid :
in sians ondid accobor limsa ícc cáich,
Wb.
12d23
.
honid techtae molad Dáe,
Ml. 51c2
.
(b) ón, óna,
ónab :
díles Néill ón cunnail cell,
Ériu iv 92 § 1.
toirt[h]igi
in lā | ōnab lēir feadha,
ACL iii 235 § 21.
gním óna mó ar
dtachrádh,
IGT Decl. ex. 412.
(v) frissa n- :
(a) frisin :
dochum cétnidetad frisin cosmil `to which it is like,'
Sg.
188a13
.
(b) frisnid, ren, rena, renab, renar :
inmain samail
frisnid cosmail a n-adchīusa,
TBC-I¹ 2875.
nech risnid
[andsa],
LU 4004.
drem ren dothroide ar ndeabhaidh,
IGT Decl. ex. 1167.
is dona neithibh renab usa truailled
do gabail cuigi, in baindi,
Rosa Angl. 112.8
.
dream ...
réna deacair,
TSh. 4665.
ag an druing ... rénar milis,
1568
.
711
.
pl. 3
(a) No instance.
(b) frisndat :
inna ferta sa
... cía beith nech risndat móra araide isat úathe dó ilib,
Trip.² 3096.
(vi) lasa n- :
(a) lasin :
intí lasin format,
Ml. 129b3
.
lasin n-accubur,
53c16
.
(b) lasnad, lenab :
intí lasnád ecul `who fears,'
PH 2411.
lasnad ail,
1421
.
cibé lénab mór a n-abraim,
Keat. i 76.44
.
(vii) oca n- :
(a) No instance.
(b)
ri ind lochta hicnad suithi a n-ord,
RC xx 174 § 38
(ACC).
co flaith Dúrlais, 'cán mór mé,
Hy Fiach. 284.5
.
sdéd gan dóigh urraim na n-eillteadh,
IGT Decl. ex. 1177
=
gán,
662
.
(viii) fa n- (O. Ir. imm) :
(a) No instance.
(b) fán, fána :
a cCionn Coradh fan léir
magh,
ZCP viii 225 § 42.
fáth fána doilghe ... an bás,
TSh.
1132.
(ix) asa n- :
(a) No instance.
(b) asarb :
briathra
asarb iontuigthe ...,
TSh. 5664.
(x) forsa n-, fora n- :
(a) No instance.
(b) forab :
o sheircc in domain-sea forab
airchindech diabul,
PH 7118.
Cons. Pres.
s. 3
Abs.
(a) No instance.
(b) bid :
bid coitchenn dliges cach ngrád ... i córus othrusa,
Críth G. 50.
bés bid cethrar nó chóicer bíte hi comarbus bóairech,
146
.
Conj.
(a) -bi, -pi :
nipi cían a masse in choirp,
Wb. 28c25
.
12c12
.
air nibi eulach,
Ml. 42c9
.
128d3
.
níbí cian,
91d2
.
combi remib rethith iarum,
Wb. 13b13
.
indhí lasmbi
accobur,
30c23
. imbí hinun folud whether the substance is
the same,
Sg. 188a6
.
(b) -bi, -pi :
nī bī clōen in t-ere,
Corm. Y
447.16
.
ni bi briugu nad bi cedach,
Laws v 76.10
. i ngait
nádbi aí `which is not his,'
Críth G. 218.
ben las(a)mbi
cuma cip cia las fia,
BCrólige § 44.
is bec a ain iphthi compí
sāitheach,
ZCP vi 257.y
.
i tig as mbi eggna suillsi,
BDD²
175.
dīa mbī dīn Cūan Caill,
Four Songs 20 § 4
. pl. 1 (a) ? isin chruth-sin bimmi nóib-ni 'it is thus that we become holy'
Wb. 3 d 27
,
ZCP xxxii 120
.
pl. 3
(a) No instance.
(b) bit : imscarad dotluigigter flaith
fri aigillni na bit anfolaid in ceili gaibter ann `a separation
which the chief requests from the tenant not on account of any
disqualification of the tenant,'
Laws ii 316.z
.
Ipv.
s. 2
Abs.
(a) ba' :
ba chuimnech dilguda duinni,
Ml. 46b29
.
(b) ba, bat :
ba faitech ar nā ba fīachach,
Anecd.
iii 13.10
=
bat fattech,
Thurn. Zu Ir. Hss. 14 § 3.1
.
bát
umal ... bat cumnech,
LU 3490
-
1
.
bat cúimnech,
PH 1208.
Conj.
(a) -ba', pa' :
naba thoirsech,
Wb. 29d19
.
napa
chondarcell,
31c22
.
(b) -ba, -bad, -b(a)dat, -rbat, -rab,
-rsat :
nā ba lonn frim,
TBC-I¹ 1210.
nad bad lond-so,
TBC-LL¹ 1045.
na badat,
1106
.
nabdat dolam,
SR 1253.
narbat (marab, narab, v.ll.) timtheirc tais,
KMMisc. 262 § 9.
nárbhat dian,
Acall. 587.
nárbat bronach-su,
FDG 397.
s. 3
Abs.
(a) bad', bed', pad' : bad chore dúib friu `have peace
towards them,'
Wb. 27d11
.
bed chuimnech,
33d5
.
pad
glicc far n-intliucht,
5c21
.
(b) bad, ba :
arān Mochue ...
ba hé dobertar dúin,
Mon. Tall. 128.25
.
bad and sein not
adnastar,
Trip.² 2991.
bat (bá, v.l.) tusu bas ara,
2580
.
bad (bud, bidh, bu, v.ll.) sonairt ar n-airle,
Fél. Prol. 261.
bad uallach,
ScM. § 4.11
. ba (bá, LU)
maith blāth in
claideb,
TBC-I¹ 934.
bá[d] sí riar Aengusa,
Ériu xii 146.2
(Tochm. Ét.).
nech atcobra bithbethaid ... bat umhal,
ZCP vii 312 § 23.
With inf. pron. s. 2 :
badat cuman
remember,
Rawl. 72b39
.
Conj.
(a) -bad' :
nábad chotarsne
fri bar n-ícc a nno-gessid,
Wb. 24b3
.
nabad do réir far
colno beithe,
6b4
.
(b) -bad, -bud, -pa :
ná bad ead do-gneth,
BDD² 411.
nábad olc do menma,
LU 3271.
na
pa machtad amh libsi,
Mon. Tall. 157.20
.
nā bud sgēlach,
ZCP vii 311 § 9.
pl. 1
(a) ban', baán' :
ban chossmaili
friar tuissech,
Wb. 33b20
.
29b17
.
baán tairismich do
irnigdi,
5d22
.
(b) No instance.
pl. 2
Abs.
(a) bad', bed' :
bad chensi fri cách,
Wb. 24b1
.
bad treúin i n-iriss,
27a6
.
bed adthramli .i. gaibid comarbus for n-athar,
9a14
.
(b)
No instance.
Conj.
(a) -bad' :
nabad anfoirbthi-si,
Wb.
12d26
.
(b) ?
nadib leisc,
SR 7843.
narbar dúrcridig,
4842
.
pl. 3
Abs.
(a) bat' : bat chosmuli frinni `let them be like
unto us,'
Wb. 17c5
.
(b) bat, bad :
bat menci do dalai,
Ériu viii 173.8
.
bad sgrībt[h]a a sgēla,
ZCP viii 110 § 10.
Conj.
(a) -bat :
bad armatura dei bess lib nábat nacha arm
aili,
Wb. 22d14
.
(b) No instance.
Impf.
s. 3
(a) No instance.
(b) bíth : nicon ibdis bandai
cormmai i tír Cualand, cia bith ara tecmainged dóib `whoever it used to be that they used to meet,'
Mon. Tall. 129.19
(tr. Bergin,
Ériu xii 209
, q.v.).
pl. 3 (see Bergin,
Ériu xii
225 f.
).
Abs.
(a) No instance.
(b) batis :
a trian rocharsa[t]
Coin Culainn batís [d]aill ... batis clóin ... batis guit,
RC
viii 60.15
(
LL 117a7
-
10
). ?
batis gnatha ar buadhuiph
band,
Anecd. ii 70.8
.
Conj.
(a) No instance.
(b) -btis :
imrethitis a da thraigid ┐ a n-adbrond comtís luathidir
ruathar funemda,
Ériu iv 30.2
.
comtis scítha,
Snedg. u. Mac R § 27.
dabertis T.D.D. lubi ... for aibnib ... comtís
brecca ... na srotha díb,
TBC-LL¹ 4213.
comdis fliuch iad do
deraib,
TTebe 3711
.
comtis,
2884
. nībtis omain neich
`they used not to fear any man,'
ZCP iii 38.25
(tr.
Ériu xii
225
).
Subj. Pres.
s. 1
(a) -ba :
ciaba deróil la nech,
Wb. 18a7
.
23b29
. niba dimicthe-se libsi `I should not be despised by you,'
21d3
.
mainba aecne lib,
17c10
.
(b) -ba, -pa, ropom (ropa,
v.l.), -rbom, -rbam, -rba, -bam ; with ma, madam :
ni
reg-sa assin chruachán-sa co mba marb,
Trip.² 1294.
nipá
pene na régi,
Mon. Tall. 131.17
.
riasiu ba marb-sa,
ZCP
i 105.25
. acht ropom (ropa, LU)
airdricsa,
TBC-I¹ 571.
im-caemros[s]a do gaethaib corbom gaeth fo-deisin,
BDD² 167.
díamsa saithech bíd when once I am satisfied,
LU 8469
(FB). nírba cintach `may I not be guilty,'
Ériu vi 116 § 3.
dīa mba bēo-sa,
KMMisc. 208.y
.
corbam
cruithnecht it' it[h]lainn,
Ériu iii 31 § 24.
narbam crimnach,
SR 3202.
nīrbam utmall anbsaid, a meic mo Dé,
ZCP vi 260 § 10.
madham buidech-sae,
CCath. 4210.
madam beō-sa do-gēba luach a taisgedha ... minbam beō
imorra ...,
ML² 1495.
s. 2
(a) -ba' :
armba cháinchomraccach-so,
Wb. 30b23
.
cia ba loingthech,
6c9
.
ciafa
firián,
Ml. 36a32
.
comba soilse-siu,
Wb. 22c3
.
Ml. 54b19
.
(b) bat, -ba, -pa, -bat, -pat, -rba(t), -rbot, -(b)sa(t) : with cía,
cidat ; with ma, madat :
ni ba dicheoil,
SR 2197.
nipa
frithenech,
LU 3495.
ní pa,
Ériu i 198 § 16a
.
nibát athboingid ar narbat aithrech,
LU 3502.
nibat comromach ar nábat
miscnech,
3503
.
nirbat díscir ... nibbát ecal ... nipát tairne
...,
3467
-
9
.
ba hēmich corbad sercach,
Thurn. Zu Ir. Hss.
14 § 3.3
.
bat umal corbot ūasal,
ib. § 3.7
.
nírba chreccach,
Ériu i 200 § 22.
nirba truag,
SR 3295.
doroimle corbat
cétach, ...,
LU 8796
(FB).
atraí coropat mor,
3533
.
céin
bat béo,
3919
.
nirbat ancretmech ... acht corbat cretmech,
PH 6776.
diamba breiteam arafeser ... `if thou be a judge,
thou shouldst know,'
BCrólige § 66.
diambat rolabar,
Thurn. Zu Ir. Hss. 18 § 7.16
.
ZCP vii 298.17
.
diamsa coemainech,
IT i 70.2
.
diamsat fissid,
iii 488.352
.
BS 86.25
.
nírsat
bidbha oirechta,
Acall. 597. 598
. toich duit cidat rī, toich
duit cidat druī (to a child),
PRIA iii (3rd ser.) 546 § 3
(
LL 147a
).
cidat lond im gním garta,
IT iii 508 § 1.
madat
fīrēn flaith `if you be a just prince,'
KMMisc. 262 § 15.
madhid trēn,
ML² 1437.
s. 3
I Forms without ro-.
(i) Abs.
The form ba appears to be used only as jussive subj. :
(a) ? bá tualang cách forcital alaili `let each be fit ...,'
Wb.
6d13
; ba samlid dúib `be ye thus,'
19d29
, but in both instances the editors would read bad for ba.
(b)
do Chríst ba
mór do gaire,
Ériu i 200 § 22.
ba i n-ómun ba i n-incridiu |
gudem Críst let it be in fear ...,
195 § 10
(but ? cf. 1 fa).
Conj. (ii)
(a)bé (see Bergin,
Ériu xii 208 ff
.) : cia bé a mmēt
adae `however great it may be,'
Ml. 61b28
.
cip hé ade asberam,
25d11
.
(b)
cip hé gellus dít,
Trip.² 1626.
cibbe noda
saraigfed,
789
.
cipe a isle, ciape a huaisle,
Laws v
386.15
.
secht tellaige ... nad erenaiter cidbe indola,
206.2
.
cidbe fine dib dibus,
Cóic Con. H § 69.
cebé
baile no beth,
LU 365.
cipé tí,
TBC-LL¹ 1768.
cipia frisa
ferthar tnú,
Ériu v 211.69
.
gidh bé haird iona dtuitfidh,
TSh. 3985.
(iii) -bo occurs in the Glosses seeming sometimes to be the jussive subj. (neg.) and once after in
whether
, but these exx. may perhaps be pret. (but see (iv)
below) :
(a) ní bo comitesti (rectius chomitesti, Ed.) dó
`he should not be indulged,'
Wb. 1c12
. nibo intain no mbeid
ar súil tantum
`it must not be when ye are before (His) eye,'
27c9
.
rofitir side imbo ho chridiu fa nacc,
27c11
.
(b) No
instance.
(iv)
-p, -b :
(a) níp tarisse lat `trust him not,'
Wb. 30d24
.
nip sain a n-asberat et immarádat,
28c1
.
nip
crú cruach,
Thes. ii 250.11
(Stowe M.).
arnáp hé som ...,
Wb. 6c7
.
ar nab laigiu,
Sg. 179b1
.
imb anacol dom fa
nac,
Wb. 23a6
.
immaid (=imb m.) fa olcc,
8d26
.
im
fochróib bá chían,
Sg. 151b2
. sechip hé ... `whosoever it
be,'
Wb. 3b15
.
sechib grád i mbether and,
10a18
. cip
cruth bíid páx libsi fri cách `howsoever it be,'
5d33
.
cib
cenél tra dia ro scribad ind epistil so,
3b20
.
mainip in
chrud-so,
10a5
.
manip hinunn etargnae,
Sg. 188a12
.
Ml.
14d10
.
cenib fír,
24d22
.
cenip ho étrummugud inna n-olc,
59a23
.
cinip hond sémigdetu,
59a23
.
(b) -p, -b, -pe, -be,
later -ba, -bo ; with día, díam :
acht nip inbleoguin,
Laws
ii 98.17
.
bés níp aill do dáinib,
Fél. Ep. 417.
níp anchobrai,
LU 9663.
bes nipe nessu éc do suidiu oldás daitsiu,
9210
.
mad ben urnadma na be cetmunnter,
Laws ii 380.25
.
ar
n[a] himirbera neach na be hai,
v 476.z
.
diam dlaí di
chi[u]nn adairt,
Críth G. 229.
BCrólige § 38.
diam
chuibse cataid `to whom veneration is due,'
Laws i 10.24
.
mairg ... diam cara Colco,
Anecd. i 7.11
.
cach fuil druith
dinnap inna ramot techtai torai,
BCrólige § 64.
cid nabsin
(? = nab sí in) Fedelm-sa ... cichsed,
LU 8296.
nabbsin,
8318
.
air nā ba (v.l. arnab) sothuissledhach,
Corm. Y 434.
arnapa dimicnithi,
Trip.² 2048.
sechib dán di[i]b,
Críth G. 323.
sicip hé dígbas ...,
Trip.² 751.
secip blas bá
mellach,
LU 1787.
PH 1428.
mad iar stair cip indus,
Trip.² 33.
BDD² 655.
cip magen inda tecmai `in
whatever place,'
BCrólige § 40.
cidh be manach doda-goad ┐ cib can a cinel whencesoever,
Anecd. i 44.8
.
cecip ní foillsighfithir daitt `
whatever
,'
Aisl. Tond. 96.9
is fīach dia blīadnai dō īar sin d(h)inap (sic leg.) turbuith deithbire dothnairp dia nephthairiuc 'it becomes for him a debt [payable only] in a year’s time unless a legitimate excuse excuses him for his non-appearance'
Bürgschaft 17 § 53
,
Ériu xx 230
. dinnap ina ramot techtai torai 'unless it has accrued in a lawful way (?) '
Ériu xii 52 § 64
,
xx 230
.
manip do Chonchobor,
ScM. § 3.16
.
PH 2080.
manib tualaing,
Anecd. iii 23.12
.
maniba t'ainmnet
...,
Trip.² 859.
manab ac oen flaith beit,
Laws iv
42.29 Comm.
munab neasa,
44.4
.
DDána 76 § 24.
munob
cunntabartac[h],
BCrólige § 14 n. 1
.
munup,
Laws
iv 26.13
.
menip,
SR 3597.
Cóic Con. RE § 23.
minub,
BCrólige § 23.
FDG 389.
minap,
TBC-I¹ 795.
PH 1542.
minab,
6035
.
munbo cairnech in craidhe,
ZCP vi 268.12
.
munba,
ib. 11
.
IGT Decl. ex. 352.
cinip mór do bríg,
Trip.² 1888.
LU 1435
(MU).
The form arimp in the Glosses
always has a final sense except the doubtful ex. in
Ml.
130b8
(see below). The ex. from Críth Gabl. is also final,
the others all express an indirect command or wish (cf.
airndip, see (v) below) :
(a) arimp áigthidiu-de `that it may
be the more dreaded,'
Wb. 23d23
.
32a2
.
15c4
.
arimp díthnad
... dúibsi foditiu fochide dúnni,
14b17
.
arim tairismech,
25a9
. ised as maith la dia airimp (? leg. airndip) isin gess
... `this God would have ...,'
Ml. 130b8
.
(b)
arim túalang
gabála[e] ríg,
Críth G. 187.
cach ōen comaldathar in
cāin si ... arim sírsaegul ... ┐ arop airmitnech fēith,
Cáin Ad. § 30.
abbair fri Feradach, arim remḟissid arad sencharpait `er solle ein vorauswissender Lenker des alten
Wagens sein,'
ZCP xi 83 § 27.
nach oirecht ... árim (corob,
v.l.) cáin domnaig cétadéntar ann,
Ériu ii 210 § 33.
The
usual way of expressing a wish or exhortation is rop (see
section II below), but cf.:
adair ... do Dia ┐ co mbá dó a
aenur fhogna,
PH 4724.
searc Íosa ... go mba hé th'arm
DDána 20 § 7.
goma,
93 § 37
.
in cū ruad ... coma taīseach
cāemc[h]uaine,
CCellaig 463
. With cen co :
cen cop foccus
a gcairdiss,
Anecd. ii 62.2
.
MacCongl. 39.27
.
PH 3100.
cin cob aire doronsat,
3237
.
(v)
(a) -dip, -dib :
condip
slán á anim,
Wb. 9b9
.
condib cumme,
24a22
. is tacair
arndip samlid it is meet that it be thus,
22c11
. airndip maith
a forcell `that the testimony may be good,'
25d21
.
airndib
ecmailt,
Tur. 71
(airndip may have either final or consecutive sense, see note on arimp in (iv) above).
duús indip
fochunn ícce do,
Wb. 26b27
.
dús cia port indib maith,
24
.
(vi) With ma (má),
(a) mad :
mad cumme imned á cheli
et a imned fessin,
Wb. 20c6
.
12a23
.
4a14
.
mad cétnide a
n-animm,
Sg. 197a2
.
3b19
. mad du rúin `according to the
mystic meaning,'
Tur. 103.
(b) mad, mád : mad a dligiud
ḟénechso (Corr., Ed.)
is menbu,
Críth G. 11.
mad nóeb
arid-léga,
Fél. Ep. 178.
Corm. Y 1233.
mad na mna `if
it belong to the woman,'
Laws ii 402.1
.
mádh táesca dhuit
iná dham,
Anecd. i 32 § 54.
mád,
LU 9216.
madh peacthach
é,
TSh. 4315.
(vii)
With cía
although, that
,
(a) cith, cid :
deithbeir do ceith aneola,
Wb. 33c16
.
cith etarṡuidigthe,
Sg. 68b4
.
Mon. Tall. 159.2
.
cid accobrach,
Wb. 4c34
.
cid doib doarrchet `though they were prophesied unto,'
5a16
(here the sense appears to be indic., see
GOI
§ 793
).
cid comsuidigthe,
Sg. 201a10
.
Ml. 2d12
.
(b) cid,
gid:
cid ē marad tarm ēisi,
Corm. Y 180.
cid diabal fod
foirge,
Laws iv 18.19
. cid sain na conairi (pl. subject).
Cóic Con. H. § 43.
gid rogāeth nī rogand,
TBC-I¹ 2596.
cid ed
nevertheless: (b)
cid ed nī rochotail,
TBC-I¹ 2512.
gidh eadh ní híad as andsa,
KMMisc. 352 § 6.
cid ... cid,
cid ... nó
whether (it be) ... or ...:
(a)
ma gorith locc cith
ine chuis nú ine láim,
Thes. ii 245.36
(Camb.).
cid maid cid
olcc la nech,
Wb. 30d6
.
cach réit cid precept cid labrad,
13a29
.
Sg. 2a7
.
Ml. 26a8
.
cid ho deacht maicc nó ho
deacht athar arafoima doinacht maicc aní arroet,
17c3
.
(b)
cid cóem cid díchóem,
Críth G. 225.
Corm. Y 1167.
SCC 679
.
cid cia
whoever it be:
am chind cid cia raib,
KMMisc. 254 § 4.
cid
though it be
has also the sense
even
,
in which sense its verbal content must early have been
forgotten so that it may be folld. by plural noun or pronoun, and by a dependent vb. in indic. instead of subj.:
(a) cithisse `it is even he,'
Wb. 22a7
(a prima manu).
corrici
cith besti béoa,
Thes. i 4.31
. ceith cenmathá in tegdais
n-ucut `even besides,'
Wb. 33a4
. cid ind fochith follongam
`even the suffering which we endure,'
14b15
.
ceth Máolruoin,
Mon. Tall. 135.24
.
co seichetar cid a comroircniu,
Sg.
1a2
.
(b)
coire ... no suigfedh cid Erind,
Corm. Y 323.8
.
ní
dénaiter cid clocha fotraicthi díb,
Trip.² 873.
ni cuma dono
cid cach mis disuidiu,
Laws iv 88.19
.
ní thibrind i tindscra
cid Meidbi insin,
TBFr. 185.
cid mecnu,
LU 10560.
II Forms with ro-.
(i)
(a) rop, rob, ropo' (the form rob
occurs only before b and m): rop corae doib fri dia `peace
be with them ...,'
Wb. 20d1
.
rop scīath dún diar n-imdegail,
Hy. i 20.
rop fír,
ib. 39
.
nicon fil bas sciith lim act rop
ar crist,
Wb. 18a2
. acht robronach (=rob bronach, Ed.),
Ml. 86d12
.
act ropo cho n-etarceirt,
Wb. 13a26
.
act ropo
cho torbu,
27
.
(b) rop, rob, ropo':
rop múr ar cech merblén'
Babill,
Fél. Jan. 24.
rob hí ascaid connaga,
Ériu iv 106 § 59.
rob dimbríogh gach tonn dá ttuil | gach imshníomh sonn
rob soruidh,
Studies 1921, 76 § 25
.
DDána 122 § 21.
acht
rop la forcomet,
Mon. Tall. 161.27
.
Trip.² 2941.
acht rob
tol dait-so,
ZCP viii 312.8
.
riasíu ropo chúairddulchach,
Críth G. 68.
The form robo, robu and with inf. pron. rodbo, rodbu
occurs in the sense
either, or
(cf. Fr. soit ... soit). The editors
of
Thes. Pal. (i 433 n.
) say it `seems to be regular in the
first of two or more alternatives.' It is so used in the great
majority of cases but in
Wb. 14c24
and
Ml. 58b11
(see
below) it precedes the second alternative. Pedersen (
KZ
xxxv 404 f
. q.v.) suggests an original meaning `was es sei'
and the loss of the demonstrative pronoun a n- or aní before
robo. Thurneysen (
GOI § 886
) believes it to have been a
potential ro- subj. It is found somet. where in the Lat.
uel .. uel .., or Lat. aut .. aut ... occur:
(a) rodbo dia adroni
... ł. is hé-som adroni ... either God has committed ...,
Wb.
29d29
.
16d7
. fo chenéle lugi [i]ssiu rodbo chosmi[liu]s
`as a kind of oath ... or a similitude,'
14c24
. robo intí forchain gl. siue qui docet,
5d10
.
robo folad diles ł. doacaldmach,
Sg. 197a1
.
200b6
. robu óenlitrib gl. uel singulis literis,
28a12
. robu cho adersetar gl. uel emendentur ... (uel ...),
Ml.
30d11
. robu a caratrad gl. (uel necessitudo) uel (familiaritas),
58b11
(but Eds. suggest on
p. 721b
: `as robu regularly refers
to the former of two alternatives, gloss 11 may gl. uel
necessitudo'). robu a nnu mothaigtis gl. aut stupentes,
44c6
.
109c3
.
121b6
.
(b)
rodbu forcetail ł. scribend ł. uaimm
n-etaig,
LB 11b13
.
innahí rohaisneid dó N. .. rodbo o
littrib no a himaccalmaibh,
ZCP ii 321.y
.
(ii) -rop, -rup,
-rub:
(a)
corrup mithich gabáil ferainn do,
Wb. 19d3
.
corrop hed mo indeb Crist,
24a6
.
corop he to menmme,
Thes. ii 255.14
(Stowe M.).
Wb. 7d10
.
Sg. 40b7
.
corub
mebuil leu,
Ml. 138c8
. See also
Subst. Vb. l. 1389 ff.
(b) -rup, -rub, -rob, -rop, -rab, -rap, -rip, -rp:
corup messu
de dún,
Trip.² 2592.
TBC-I¹ 1577.
PH 5319.
corob gel in
mag,
Trip.² 555.
TBC-I¹ 2455.
corrom mé (=corrob mé)
nosn-orr,
BDD² 721.
corab meisi,
Trip.² 1360.
Laws iv
62.18 Comm.
Anecd. i 17.17
.
curub cutruma cuit cach
fir dib,
Cóic Con. H § 102.
co rāssa in cū hīsin ┐ corip
ingnīma,
TBC-I¹ 539
=
corop,
LU 5028.
acht corp dall,
SR
2900.
āgusta dō gurab trū,
Corm. Y 1238.
ní rop áilsed
`let there not be neglect,'
Fél. Ep. 522.
nī rob do soinmige
┐ nī rob do fechtnaidi dō,
TBC-I¹ 640
=
nipo ... ┐ nirop,
LU
5125.
arnarap galar doib,
Mon. Tall. 147.23
.
arnā rob
olc,
Corm. Y 425.
fégad cech aen uaib ... ná rob dáll ...
hé,
PH 4666.
Sometimes the final b or p dropped out, at
first before initial b or f:
arnara fochand báis dóib,
Mon. Tall. 146.29
.
152.11
.
curu bēl ainmnech urnaigthech,
ACL iii 234 § 9.
luiget ... co ro bréc,
PH 2685.
co ro
huain doib,
4997
.
rel.
(a) bes`, bas`:
níi bes chotarsne
diar n-ícc,
Wb. 11a24
.
bes chossecarthae,
Ml. 63a6
.
bes
miniu,
Thes. ii 254.14
(Stowe M.).
céin bas mbéo,
Wb.
10b23
.
a mbas cete,
Thes. ii 17.34
(Bcr.).
(b) bes`, bas`, bus`:
nech bes ardu,
Críth G. 115.
lin bes coir,
BCrólige § 48.
ni bes epiltiu,
Mon. Tall. 152. 31
.
dírimm bas choímiu ná
bess áiniu,
TBFr. 47.
ontí bass formbthi,
Mon. Tall. 141.19
.
dís bas ḟerr,
BDD² 1222.
ríasiu bus lá,
MU² 322.
neich
bus chomgrād dó,
Ériu i 219 § 7.
i llaim neich bessa set
`of the person whose property it is,'
Laws v 376.4
. do cach
besa ai whose it is,
ii 398.z
.
iv 28.5
.
i 264.18
. A pron. may
be infixed between rel., and its pred.:
doeim dano in clī
innī besidn-īsle, doemar som ōnnī besadn-ūaisliu,
Corm. Y
275.
set inna muin cachae besid fiu,
Laws v 384.z
.
382.8
.
ech beissid fiu,
406.9
.
cenn caich ... i fine besid sruithe,
besid n-uaisliu,
ZCP xiv 369 § 31.
ailid .iii. seotu bes da
fiu,
Laws v 408.7
.
pl. 1
Abs.
(a) No instance.
(b) ropond:
ropond bēo for deis mic Dē may we be alive,
ZCP viii 106 § 9
(ropo-nd = 3 s.+inf. pron. pl. 1).
Conj.
(a) -ban`:
co
comalnammar a pridchimme et comman (=co m-ban)
dessimrecht do chach,
Wb. 31c11
.
a numman aircheltai,
Ml. 27b10
.
(b) -ban, -rdar, -(r)bar; with cía, gidar: is
am comman tairisiu `'tis time that we should be ...,'
Fianaig.
26.14
.
an biucán gurdar síthaig,
Hib. Min. 82.23
.
gidar
comaltai,
TBC-LL¹ 3680.
co mbar commaithe,
35
.
tiagam ass
con (f)acamar na milchonu ...┐ corbar (go mbat, v.l.) scithu
oco,
TBFr. App. § 16.
pl. 2
Abs.
(a) bede: conicfid-si
bede preceptori uili `ye will all be able to be teachers,'
Wb.
13a10
.
Conj.
(a) -bad:
combad accomalti-si limsa,
23a26
.
arnábad toirsig dim chuimriug-sa,
27c34
.
arna bad huilcc,
5d38
.
dia mbad mathi,
16a13
.
ma[nba]d irlaithi,
27c11
.
? To this: annambaid (anambaid, MS.) buidig `when ye are
not content,'
Ml. 115b10
.
(b)
nibur n-ecnaigid,
SR 4871.
nibfor cétludaig,
4872
.
pl. 3
I Forms without ro-.
No
absolute forms occur without ro-.
Conj.
(i)
(a) -bet`, -pat`,
-bat`:
mainbet mathi,
Wb. 11c5
. nó innabet o nach ainmm-diu etir `or whether they are not from any nominal form at all,'
Sg. 56b1
.
arnapat toirsich,
Wb. 26d21
.
combat irlamu-de
ind ancreitmich do chretim,
12d29
.
armbat eolig,
31d15
.
armbat chosmaili,
Ml. 130a12
.
a mbat n-erchoissi,
73c9
.
cinbat huili,
Wb. 4d6
.
(b) -bet, -bat:
im damu nad be
tairchesa (leg. bet airchesa),
Laws i 184.14
.
iv 54.10
.
mat
cuibdi ... manbet cuibdi,
i 244.3
.
adubairt ... conod brathair iat cen go bed,
Celt. Rev. x 36.18
.
acht conbat beoda,
TBC-LL¹ 39.
combat sithamla,
PH 4015. 6746
.
manibat óga a
frithḟolaid,
Ériu i 219 § 9.
menbat allmaraig,
MU² 517.
diamat glain,
SR 1461.
cenibat fiu,
Laws ii 316.20
.
(ii)
With ma,
(a) mat:
mat hé na briathra-sa forcane,
Wb.
28c21
.
mat anmann adiechta emnatar and,
Sg. 189b4
.
(b) mat, madat, mádit:
mat comaithi a folaid, no mat
comolca,
Laws ii 362.25
-
6
.
mat e ... anfolaid in cele falla
frithgnama,
ZCP xiv 387 § 53.
madat comlūatha,
ZCP
viii 217 § 2.
mádit (sic leg.) creidmech,
KMMisc. 146.4
.
(iii) With ce, cía
although
,
(a) cit:
cit imdi far forcitlidi,
Wb. 9a12
.
4d4
.
12a13
.
cit comsuidigthi,
Sg. 207b11
.
190b1
.
et muscreitfet cit hésidi `even they,'
Wb. 5c2
.
(b) cit, cidat,
ciambat:
cit lir,
Mon. Tall. 156.26
.
Fél. Prol. 245.
cith
(leg. cit) lir cétuib,
ZCP viii 195 § 7.
cidat (cid, v.l.) créchtnaig,
BDD² 1347.
KMMisc. 268 § 41.
ciambat ilardai,
SR 4833.
(iv) With cía, ce
who, what
,
(a) No instance.
(b) cit: indid damsa cit n-armand | hi fil chend erred
Ul[ad] tell me what are the places ...,
LU 11056.
II Forms with ro-.
Abs.
(a) ropat`:
ropat choin altai ... adcear,
Thes. ii
293.7
(
SP i
).
acht ropat ṡaini tertpersin,
Sg. 199a1
.
(b)
ropat`, robat`, robet, ropsat:
ropat lir a tellaig,
Trip.²
2571.
ropat óin dom ṡnádud `may they be one,'
Fél. Jan.
21.
robat mo cuirn coidin midc,
Otia i 126 § 24.
robet
ar seilb an ōenfir,
BColm. 54.10
.
ropsat idain dīan-báis
ám,
KMMisc. 210.3
.
Conj.
(a) No instance.
(b) -rbat,
? -rsat:
ciarbat mara a treba,
Hy. ii 60 Comm.
curbat
úagṡlá[i]n,
BColm. 54.11
.
nirbat ile a liberna,
LU 1035.
girbat linmara,
TBC-LL¹ 4196.
garbat discailtig,
544
.
apair
ó brethir namá corbat bairgin na clochasa,
PH 4918.
ciarbot
maithi,
KMMisc. 266 § 32.
?
gorsat lir a mmairb andas a
mbí,
TBC-LL¹ 6015.
rel.
(a) beta`, bete`, bata`: beta téit
`when they are wanton,'
Wb. 29a1
. beda fiscina baptizerium,
Thes. ii 226.29
(Pcr.).
donaib hí beta cheti,
Ml. 126c4
.
ni cumcat bete gentilia,
Sg. 33a16
.
a mbata n-aersigthi,
Ml. 127a4
.
(b) beta, bete, bida:
mad aile da lina beta
olca [a] folaid,
Laws ii 366.11
.
itir na ceithre comaichaib
beda neasa do,
iv 116.2
.
tech sruithi bet (leg. betc) fuirbthium,
Mon. Tall. 136.23
.
tri haidche bede cora,
Laws v
438.24
.
cusna belltenaib bida nesom,
ii 390.20
. trian de
don ḟir bed a (leg. beda a) beich `whose bees they are,'
iv
116.1 Comm.
Cf.
do fir bede heich,
106.1 Comm.
Subj. Past
s. 1
(a) -bin, -benn: commin inricc dó `so that I
may be worthy thereunto,'
Wb. 24a11
.
combin cosmail,
Ml.
91b7
.
arnamtomnad námmin duine,
Wb. 17d23
.
nombin
dermatach,
Ml. 20a4
.
toimtin armbenn duine,
130d4
.
(b)
-badim, -badam:
abraind nā badim (? sic leg.) slānsa ...
ropad rēill mo tholcsa and,
TBC-I¹ 3532.
bad cháined dom
ḟir co mbadim ferr-sa,
TBC-LL¹ 34.
damadam (sic leg.) rig
(dia mbam airdrí, v.l.) for Erinn
if I were
,
FDG 519.
s. 2
(a) No instance.
(b) -badat:
da mbad in lāsin, nī epertha
co mbadad (leg. mbadat) ferr do lōech annā Cū.,
TBC-I¹
2503.
is é in claideb dobéraind ... menbadat (sic leg.) aide,
RC xiv 426.25
(
LL 111b4
).
s. 3
I Forms without ro-.
(i)
Abs.
(a) bed`, bad`: arna tomnathar bed foammamichthe
deacht don dóinacht `that (the) Godhead is subject,'
Wb.
13c2
.
dommuinfide bed n-ísel intí dia,
Ml. 40c17
(in these
two exx. we have the type of sentence in which bid occurs
in
Wb. 25c12
, see (iii) below).
din dínit bed ṡástai,
Sg.
39b11
.
ni arindí bed leth ngotho nobed indib,
5a4
.
dóig
linn bed n-acuit,
30a8
.
bed chuintechti,
Ml. 92a17
.
ni
robe nech bad huaisliu,
Wb. 33d10
. aimser ba (leg. bad,
Edd.)
chomadas dó,
21a1
. cia bed a mmēt inna fochaide
`whatever the greatness of the tribulations might be,'
Ml. 39a13
(see Bergin,
Ériu xii 208 ff
.).
(b) bed`, bad`, pad, bud:
ba dóig leó bed a sídaib dí,
BDD² 42.
nech bed
chomalaind dó,
LU 1667
(ICM).
nad baí baili bád cuidbiu
dó,
Trip.² 429.
lāech bad chāime,
TBC-I¹ 3242.
BDD² 79.
mad mē bad chend ...,
Ériu iii 140.183
. cīa ragas ...?
Cīa pad cīa ... acht Condere `who should it be cut C.',
i 114
§ 3
.
muc bud grátu,
Corm. Y 118.
ní bud ṡíre,
BDD² 138.
ciped mac díb no gabad gasced,
TBC-LL¹ 1089.
With inf.
pron. s. 3:
tegdais adchondarc indiu | ni fa[il] ba-da-crichidiu (? leg. bad-da-),
Thes. ii 292 § 1
(Ml. Poems).
marbān badid n-ingnathar,
Bruchst. 45 § 102.
coich bia beo
badid [n-]amradair,
RC xx 260 § 65
=
badib amradair,
LU
873.
badid-rédithir ... badid-némithir,
RC xxiv 56 § 17.
s. 1:
nī faigebasu curaid ... bádam fiusa,
LU 3913.
(ii) Conj.
(a) -bed`, -bad` (mainbed (minbad, manibad) is regularly
folld. by acc.):
mainbed maith latsu,
Wb. 32a11
.
combed
chiall ainsedo ildai and,
Ml. 67d24
.
ni bed uilliu,
54b30
.
is cumme nibad móidem `it is the same as though it were
not boasting,'
Wb. 2b14
.
amal nibad fiu,
Ml. 63d2
.
mainbad
éicin,
Wb. 4a20
.
Hy. v 32.
manibbad hinunn,
Sg. 17b8
.
manibad trocairi ndáe,
Ml. 111b28
.
manipad taschidetaid,
136c2
.
arnábad rómár,
Wb. 11c7
.
conapad firdía mac,
Ml. 21c12
.
diambad mathi,
Wb. 16a13
.
combad choitchen,
Sg. 72a1
.
Ml. 21d1
.
combath chomlan rith lunae
,
Thes.
ii 33.27
(Bv.).
na epred a menme armbad ferr són,
Wb.
10a16
.
arimbad and furruimtis a praintech,
Thes. ii 242.4
(Ardm.).
(b) -bed`, -bad`, -pad, -bud, -bod:
ised bud cóir
laisim combed de laim anmcharat ...,
Mon. Tall. 146.25
.
Trip.² 2246.
ní ... tresambed elned do,
Mon. Tall. 164.7
.
manipad lor,
128.15
.
manipad do chrúass,
Trip.² 1370.
minbad in mbáin mbic,
MacCongl. 107.7
.
cid daitsiu nábad
lat in curathmír,
LU 8112.
diambad Chú,
3752
.
dámadh
linn,
TSh. 5962.
combad chennach,
LU 4296.
bá cubaid
cíapad tussu bad dall,
Trip.² 1516.
dūs imbad lór,
Mon. Tall. 133.8
.
mun budh le druimm cáein Cesrach,
Anecd.
i 32 § 60.
minbud thu,
ii 4.11
.
ar na bud ed,
PH 3074.
? go nach budh rí ar Israel tú `ne sis rex,'
TSh. 8330.
cid
daitsiu ... nád bod latt curadmir Emna,
LU 8140.
cía
lasmboth scīth ┐ lasmboth laind techt int slōgaid,
TBC-I¹
154.
(iii)
(a) bid (this form, which Thurn. (
GOI § 806
)
suggests may be an unstressed form of vn. buith, occurs
regularly after amal, oldaas, is cumme, in doich, in comparative and equative clauses and in a few other instances.
This would suit an ex. like
Thes. ii 294 § 3
below but does
not explain phrases where bid follow amal, is cumme, etc.
It survives into Mid. Ir. but is somet. replaced by bed or bad,
and in a few cases spreads to other types of sentence (amal
bid is regularly folld. by acc. cf. mainbad, above): amal
bid dia as though he were God,
Wb. 26a7
.
amal bid claind
noclantis,
Ml. 63b9
.
amail bith ball di crist,
Thes. ii 255.14
(Stowe M.).
amal fid na derscaigthiu,
Ml. 37b22
.
amal
bid inn accaldim deithidnig (leg. nd.),
35c27
.
is cumme
doib bid idalte domeltis,
Wb. 10c3
.
in doich bid saindóire
dúnni,
10d1
.
is nessa do inni lemm oldaas bid ar n-áinsem,
4b17
.
ní lugu ... indáas bid praeceptóir asidindissed,
Ml.
42b18
.
arna tomnitisom bid do irgairiu cotulta,
Wb. 25c12
(see above under (i) where this type of sentence occurs with
bed in
Wb. 13c2
and
Ml. 40c17
).
ni meite bid machdad
forgare forru,
Sg. 161b12
.
ba coru tra bid adnuntiabit
nobeth híc
,
Ml. 45b14
.
soilsidir bid hi lugburt,
Thes. ii
294 § 3
(
SP iii
).
(b)
amal bid oc caíned ... [no beth],
Trip.²
87.
amal bid do thecht secha,
IT i 72.14
.
amail bid a
haongiun,
Corm. Y 1059.37
.
amal bid fótrond ...,
LU
9099
(FB).
ba doich lind bid din lucht forācaibset som,
ZCP viii 313.25
.
ba hé mo líthsa bid é do-chorad and,
BDD² 494.
asberat alaili bid di lucht na luinge ...,
ZCP
viii 313.23
. In a type of sentence where it did not occur
in O. Ir.: flaith athuigh na bid flaith a athair whose father
was not a chief,
Laws ii 200.21
.
nā tānic rīam nā īarum bīd
(leg. bid) errdarcu,
MacCongl. 45.28
.
ar cend neich bid
(budh, v.l.) éolchu ┐ bid síne andás,
Ériu iv 126.15
.
ingen
bid chaime tochim,
RC xxiv 198.24
. In the follg. exx.
O. Ir. would show bid:
amal bud he Crist,
PH 129.
mar
bud,
4098
.
amal bad a domun aile thíssad,
TBFr. 278.
is cumme lem bed (bid, v.l. App.) i taulchubu fhína no beth
mo chend,
TBFr. 47.
in dōig bad ē Conchobur,
TBC-I¹ 2758.
(cf. also:
ba doig bed n-ingcert,
Ml. 61b15
).
dōig leam
bad i ndiamraib ... nobeith,
TBC-I¹ 884.
(iv) With ma (má),
(a) mad:
mad mo ríar-sa dognethe and,
Wb. 9d25
.
mad
forcenn libuir,
Ml. 2d1
.
(b) mad, mád:
mad meise con-ísed
mo chomairle,
BDD² 708.
mád ina ṡláinti ind fir fil sund
robad chomairche ar Ultaib ulib,
LU 3303.
(v) With cía, ce
although
,
(a) cid: ni pu imdu do in mann cid trén oc tecmallad `though he were,'
Wb. 16c25
.
(b) cid:
cid fín bárc
do-téised treut,
BDD² 740.
II Forms with ro-. ro- is
rare with past subj. The instances are:
(a)
act robad
tairismech linni,
Wb. 18d11
.
ní ar maith friu ... act is
corpad mithig lessom inducbál dia nóibaib,
4c37
.
(b)
? ingé (read perhaps itge, Ed.) ropad limsa ol sésim adpand
do seinm tr. `I would crave a boon, said he, to play a tune,'
Mon. Tall. 131.28
.
acht corbad maithi a gnima,
Ériu v
124.76
. amal ro bad pheccad leo as though they considered
it a sin,
PH 3232.
pl. 1
Abs.
(a) bimmis, bemmis : amal
bimmis octarche `as if we were dregs,'
Wb. 9a7
.
amal
bemmis bibdaid,
Ml. 114d4
.
(b)
amal bemís marb,
PH
2967.
Conj.
(a) -bimmis :
amal ni bimmis cutrummi frib,
Wb. 17b16
.
Ml. 63b1
.
commimmis ecil hi fochidib,
Wb.
29b16
.
commimis less huili,
6b21
.
(b) -badar :
acht co
mbadar maithe díblínaib,
TBC-LL¹ 35.
pl. 2 No instance.
pl. 3
Abs.
(a) bitis, betis: nírbu mou leu bríg a tobai indate
bitis cranna doiscairi dufubaitis `than though they had been
cutting down common trees,'
Ml. 92d6
.
donaib déedib betis
chloithib,
131d11
.
amal betis degmaini,
90a14
.
(b) bitis,
betis, batis :
amal bitis chóic ṡutralla,
Trip.² 1448.
ba
bindithir ... ┐ betis téta mennchrot,
BDD² 189.
TBFr. 27.
amal betís margretai,
PH 2445.
dicunt betis secht maic,
ZCP viii 314.34
(Laud Gen.).
asberat araile batis trī
brāthir,
ib. 331.14
(ib.).
doruimenatar bádis fir ṡīthe,
Trip.² 1112.
Conj.
(a) -btis, -ptis :
comtis indbaid i n-iris,
Wb. 10d33
.
conabdis apstil,
5b15
.
comtis ainmmnidi,
Sg. 7b2
.
coniptis erlama,
Ml. 100c24
.
maniptis mu charait,
Ml. 73d1
.
Sg. 120a1
.
ni aisndet duaid airmdis hé iusti
indí ...,
Ml. 54a12
.
airmtis ní etir,
79b11
.
amtis forbristi
ind ríg,
85d9
.
(b) -btis, -ptis :
comtis secht maic,
Trip.²
901.
PH 7013.
comdis sidhaighthi,
ZCP xiii 254.12
.
comtís comarda síat,