conj. (a use of 1 cía,
Pedersen Vgl. Gr. ii 206
, Bergin,
Ériu xii 206
. Not a use of 1 cía, Greene,
Ériu xxi 92
-
3
) In
O. Ir. also ce (
GOI 34
). Before initial vowels
also ci. Neg. cení, ceni, cini (
GOI 561
).
céa,
Trip.²
444
.
gia,
SR 2885
.
ga,
LL 8354
(TBC). In later lang. gé
(
GOI 111
).
giodh re hucht n-innsgne ┐ molta
┐ bfocuil, ┐ gé re hucht n-oibrighthe, acht gurab cóir giodh
gonta no a leithéid eile,
IGT Introd. 8.1
(for giodh see
infra). On gé do in past tense in class. lang. see Duan. Finn
Gloss.
gér chreid,
Dán Dé xx 38
.
gé go ttainic,
Duan. F.
ii 368 § 26
. In later lang. often reinforced by acht:
acht gé
tá,
DDána 20.17
.
acht ge bhadar,
Stair Erc. 1471
. As a rule
unstressed, cf.
TD 15.28
note. But the form giodh is in list
of words which may rhyme,
Bard. Synt. Tr. 30.27
, the sense
in available exx. being even (see infra):
giodh: miodh,
39
=
DDána 84.18
. As a rule leniting,
GOI 561
. But
not in copula forms ce-pu, cia-ptar. Isolated exx. with
gemination (no ref.),
GOI 145
. Not a conj. particle,
and takes absol. and deut. form of vb. in O. Ir. (though it
takes conj. form of pret. of copula,
GOI 491
).
Cf. also:
cethuc,
Thes. ii 225.19
(PCr.).
cé betis secht tengtha /
im gin,
Fél. Ep. 125
. See Mulchrone,
Celtica v 143
. Occasionally folld. by rel. clause:
ciararubartat biuth,
Ml. 91b1
(
GOI 320
). Cf.
acht gé bhíos 'na bheathaidh,
TSh. 1222
.
Somet. replaced as simple conj. by cid etc. (presum. cía +
subj. pres. 3 s. of copula, see infra):
ced donecmai,
Mon. Tall. 146.19
.
cid dognether ess usci,
143.18
.
cid arfaomtar ní,
148.17
. cid fogluasa though . . . may,
152.1
.
cid chodala a
lórtid,
161.27
.
cid ro chloí,
LL 521
.
gidh atá,
ML 56.11
.
gidh
atáid,
RSClára 54a
.
acht gidh do bhí,
Eochairsg. 31.3
.
acht
cid bíd,
Maund. 215
.
Forms with copula. Indic. pres. 2 s.
ciaso,
LL 344a32
=
ciarba,
Tec. Corm. 12.7
. 3 s. (leniting)
ciasu,
Wb. 11c17
.
12a5
.
19a20
.
Ml. 26c4
.
26d12
.
67a4
.
67d24
.
ciaso,
Wb.
28c14
.
Sg. 211b7
.
cia so,
204a8
.
cesu,
Wb. 21d13
.
Sg. 38a1
.
41b10
.
59a6
.
78b2
.
90a5
.
91a3
.
137b2
.
158a2
.
217b12
.
ceso,
21a1
.
206a3
. With neg.
cinidlúith lib,
Wb. 12b9
.
cinid
airi,
Sg. 35b13
.
cinith mút,
5b4
.
cenid,
Ml. 42b7
.
44c26
.
cenid,
Sg. 181b4
.
202a5
. 2 pl.
cenutad,
Wb. 4a10
.
cenotad,
33b8
.
cenuded,
Thes. i 713.25
. (archaic,
GOI 485
). 3 pl.
cetothóisegu,
Wb. 18d14
.
cetu chummascthai,
Sg. 62a2
.
ceto écintecha,
203b10
.
ciato chomṡruithi,
Críth G. 493
.
Subj. pres. 1 s.
ciabaderóil,
Wb. 18a7
. 2 s.
ciabaloingthech,
Wb. 6c9
.
ciafa firián,
Ml. 36a32
. 3 s. cid, cith, ced, ceith,
ceth passim (see below).
cinip,
Wb. 11d15
.
cinip . . . cenip
,
Ml. 59a23
.
cenib,
24d22
. 3 pl.
cit,
Wb. 4d4
,
5
,
9a12
.
12a13
.
Sg. 207b11
.
cinbat,
Wb. 4d6
. Subj. impf. 3 s.
ce bad hé
frisandénte,
Wb. 9c24
.
cenibed áainmsom bes foir,
Ml.
23d17
. 3 pl. citis, cetis cited
GOI 490
. Pret. 1 s.
ciabsa .i. ge do bhí mé,
O'Cl.
3 s.
cepu,
Wb. 2c25
.
4c35
.
ciabu,
Ml. 24c12
. cíabo cited
GOI 491
. 3 pl.
ciaptar,
Ml. 98c5
.
cebtar,
Wb. 4a8
.
céptar,
Fél. Prol. 74
.
cíaptar,
Ep. 14
. Perf. 1 s.
ciarpsa,
Wb. 30a6
. 3 s.
cíarbu,
13b8
. cíarbo, ibid.
cinirbo,
24c22
.
Forms from later sources. Indic. pres. 1 s.
gidh um,
RSClára 55b
. 2 s.
cíasa,
Trip.² 1282
.
cidat,
TFerbe 638
. 3 s.
cesu,
LU 3799
(
SCC 37
).
MacCarthy 400.6
.
cīas,
Sc.M² 22d
.
1 pl.
cíammin,
BDD² 329
. 3 pl.
gidat,
Anecd. ii 24 § 14
.
Subj. pres. 3 s.
ge,
ZCP viii 116.28
.
gé mídhiongmhála mé,
RSClára 39a
.
gé leor,
TD 20. 13
v.l. (more correctly giodh
as in text, IGT Introd. cited above).
ceinip,
IT iii 239.122
.
cenip,
MU² 905
.
cér' maith dogné,
MacCarthy 66.4
. ?
cepsi
derb `of a sooth',
Arch. Hib. iv 206 § 16
. Impf. 3 s. (cíambad,
cíamtis perh. from
cía no bad, betis,
IT i Wtb. s.v. 3 cia
;
modelled on díambad, Bergin,
Ériu xii 206 n.2
):
cíambad,
MU² 140
.
ciambad,
Airne F. 89
.
cemadh,
CCath. 5415
.
gid
mad,
TTebe 1011
. ?
gembo,
IT iii 94.12
. In later lang. freq.
gémadh. 3 pl.
ciamdis,
Anecd. i 21.5
.
cíamtis,
LU 2285
(
FA 34
).
cenptís,
Fing. R. 230
. Pret. and perf. 3 s.
ciarb,
LL
22662
(CRR).
cer gním,
28196
(
Metr. Dinds. ii 74.30
).
gér
mhaith,
TD 14.29
.
gér ba,
SG 168.z
.
gé gurb,
Dánfhocail
64
.
cérbat,
LB 138a23
(
Todd Lect. vi 64
).
cersat,
4a5
(
PH 250
).
I With follg. subjunctive.
(a)
if, even if, in the case that, in the event that
(often almost
identical in meaning with má, Bergin,
Ériu xii 206
): ceimroimsimmis `if we should sin',
Wb. 9c10
.
batorad saithir
dúnn . . . cedumelmis cechtuari et cedugnemmis andugniat
ar céli,
10c21
. cia sulbiriger gl. si orem lingua,
12d10
. ceni-thaisid ar ois `unless ye go thus willingly',
Ml. 33b15
. cenis-nícae `if Thou save them not',
88b7
. ci insamlar gl. si eos
imitor,
Sg. 1b1
. ceni et huaitsiu if I don't get (it) from you,
Vita Br. 25
. trí toichnedai . . . cia be[i]th rí etc. (one is) the
case in which a king is . . . ,
Críth G. 548
.
cenis beith biad
acht rusbeth deog,
Vita Br. 23
. ceni therna if he should
happen not to return,
Irish Texts i 21 § 17
. cia dogne ín bean
cinnta should the woman commit crimes,
Laws iv 60.26
Comm.
ni imdich cia beth cuit do indib `it shall not shelter
him that he has a share in them',
iv 202.2
. cia fo-certa míach
. . . for a mullach if,
BDD² 347
.
sund cia no chráidem in
Ríg / batin aithrig is tir thall,
Ériu i 68.14
.
ciathias ann,
LB 126b33
.
ro badh iongnadh . . . / gémadh . . ,
DDána
42.34
. cía . . . cía, ceni, cen co whether . . . or (not): cenonmolid
cenon airid `whether ye praise us, whether ye blame us',
Wb.
16a1
. ciatroillet ciniarillet `whether they deserve it, or deserve
it not',
31c23
. gerbh āil gin corb áil leō whether they liked it
or not,
ACL iii 5.33
.
cia fogabad cenco fagbad,
LL 7328
.
(b) As explic. and final conj.
that
(but see
Ériu xlii 53
) (frequ. in clauses depending on words meaning
good, fitting, permissible
, etc. See
ZCP xxix 181
. Somet. with perfective subj.,
GOI
343
,
562
): is cett lem don aegaire / cía nobeth sund co sona
that he should be here happily,
BColm. 98.7
.
bacoir cena-chomalnithe,
Wb. 13a33
.
cubaid . . . cé mad i lub-gort,
PH 3020
. is dedbir duib ciforrgot `that they destroy',
Thes. i
714.14
. badethbir do cinifesed . . . ,
3.39
.
is dual ┐ is duthaig
duib ciadogneiti calma,
BB 429b41
. isfo lium ciarafesid `that
ye should know it',
Wb. 14b20
.
immaircide . . . cerubet
ipéin ladiabul,
26a23
. cia dulogae doib a nuili torgabala on
gl. licet indulgenter omnia contuleris semel electis,
Ml. 138b7
.
is licet cia nospromae,
Ériu i 202.7
.
ba loür . . . / . . . comrac
frium / ceni lomardais tre barr / mo dá n-ó dim chiunn,
Blathm. 94 § 17
.
ni maith less cia gabthar do,
Wb. 29b5
.
nec mirum
.i. ciasingbat árim déṡillabche compariti ┐
superlati,
Sg. 44b3
. ní mebul lemm ciafadam `I am not
ashamed that I suffer it',
Wb. 29d27
. ní mór duib cia chomallaide
aní . . . `that ye fulfil',
Ml. 95c3
. ciat ngneitis niba
romh `they should have recognized him immediately',
Blathm.
391
. Note also: nísnain ciasberat níntánicc recht the fact of
their saying . . . will not protect them,
Wb. 1d1
. amal nandéni
mascul dindí as auxilium cebeith genitor áarrad the fact of its
being accompanied by g. does not make a. a masculine,
Sg.
125a6
(alternatively: a. does not become masculine even
though accompanied by g.).
(c)
although, in spite of the fact that, even though
(
GOI 561
):
bésu dagduine ciniestar cachtúari,
Wb.
6b23
. ciachondesin farsúli `though I had asked for your eyes',
19d24
. cini eperthe frinn `even though it should not be said
to us',
19a5
. cenitormastar homéit istrom cenae ho aicniud
even without its being increased,
Ml. 20a20
.
ciarubé cenní
diib nirubai cenaib huli,
20d4
. cechonístis nombetis archuit
analoige `though they might be as regards analogy',
Sg. 138a9
.
canair son ce beith tuaslucud `it is sung, though there be a
relaxation',
Mon. Tall. 139.4
.
cīa dofaetsad nem for talmain,
BColm. 104.17
. ? céini rogalta in fēin `though thou hadst not
promised',
Fianaig. 12.18
. darbord cia bé `haughty though he
was',
MacCarthy 186.7
.
ge deach rī Conaill a ccēin,
ZCP viii
116.21
.
gé bheith duine go díomhaoin,
Dán Dé xxii 5
.
Very freq. with subj. pres. 3 s. of copula cid though (it be),
granting that it is:
ced nessa cenél neich alailiu,
Ml. 115d7
.
cid doib doarrchet,
Wb. 5a16
(where cid is perh. used as
indic.,
GOI 484
).
cidmebul lib,
3b30
.
cith .m.
namma scríbthar and,
Sg. 28a15
. ceith dichrai a ndaithrigi
`however fervent their penitence',
Mon. Tall. 134.12
.
cid
dīthrub Temair,
Thes. ii 317.7
(Hy. ii). cit (pl.)
réidi reba,
Trip.² 1278
.
cenid mé in murgelt már,
LU 3022
.
gidh
aoibhneas an domhan mín,
Dán Dé xxiii 35
.
ciodh glan mo
chrábhadh,
Keat. iii 1703
. Perh. also: cid etir in fact, indeed,
LL 31730
(TTr.). cidh on in any case,
O'D. 39
(
H 3.17, 35
).
Note also: gidhedh nogabdais / ō Bh. co B. though they should
go from B. to B.,
ZCP viii 110 § 7
. ní thiobhra an corp cead a
mhúinte / a mhacnas orm gidh eadh raibh though that is
what I desire,
Dán Dé xix 6
. ? cipithair mo mac inn nī
romarbthar though my son come,
ZCP xiii 178.19
(cf. cid bé
s.v. 1 cía ?). With impf. gémadh naomh even though he be a
saint,
Dán Dé vii 29
.
gemadh fili,
Stair Erc. 1231
(even ?
see infra).
cid . . . cid whether (it be) . . . or:
cidcían cidgair,
Wb.
3c5
.
cid in imniud cid hisocumail beusa,
Ml. 53b8
.
cid bec
cid mar,
Sg. 2a7
. ceith mín cid anmín `slightly or strongly',
Mon. Tall. 148.24
. cidh islip cidh uaislibh `whether they be
plebeians or nobles',
Laws iv 26.20 Comm.
ainmne is umaldóit
certae / cid maith, cid saich, cid bochtae `which set right
good and evil and poverty',
Ériu iii 104 § 38
.
gidh sunn, cidh
tall no mairmis,
BNnÉ 313 § 5
. With gé:
ge garid gé étgene /
dit álaib fo chen,
LU 10429
(
ZCP iii 258.9
). With ellipse of
second cid:
cid cian gairit,
IT i 118.13
(TE Eg.). gidh mór
beag do bhéaradh sibh be your gift great or small,
Dán Dé
vi 21
.
Hence in adv. phr. (┐) cid ed
however, nevertheless
:
┐ cided
ón nislán térnatar,
LL 256b26
(
TFerbe 429
).
gided tarcid
C.,
LL 11391
(TBC).
cid edh,
CCath. 3004
.
is gidh eadh,
DDána 91.12
. gidheadh ag nach bí éinní `yet hath nothing',
Proverbs xiii 7
.
┐ gideth,
ZCP vi 34.10
.
cid ed,
CRR 26.3
.
ged
ed,
TTebe 2092
. In narrative:
cērbh eadh,
Feis Tighe Chonáin 518
.
With subj. pres. 3 s. of copula in sense
even
(somet. as
mere emphasising word). Twice with pl. ending in Wb.:
bieit cit geinti hiressich,
4c40
.
muscreitfet cithésidi,
5c2
.
Apart from these exx. cid is used irrespective of number
of follg. noun or pronoun (see
GOI 562
):
corrici
cíth besti béoa,
Thes. i 4.31
. ba apstal cidmoysi `Moses too
was an apostle',
Wb. 32d14
. ní comalnatsom cid feissne
recht `even they themselves fulfil not the Law',
20c22
. amal
dundgniat indfilid linni cid insin `even as the poets with us do',
Ml. 26b10
. cid na hualcha gl. superba (loquentes),
31c22
.
cidnanguide gl. etiam supplicationum (similitudine),
32c18
.
cid ostú a Dé `even Thou, O God',
43a18
.
cid inna hí ata beca,
62b10
. iscuse cidedon gl. et id actenus,
Enchir. Aug. 72b
(
ZCP vii 480
). ceth anísiu `even this',
Ériu ii 224.3
.
ro
thóraind gid tige in dúine sin,
FDG² 30
.
Hence in isolated glosses on Lat. particles: cith gl. et,
Wb. 22a5
(a prima manu). cid gl. et,
Ml. 14a1
. gl. etiam,
24c2b
;
Sg. 9a4
. gl. etsi,
Ml. 23c4
. gl. iam,
15b2
.
48b14
. gl.
quamlibet,
46c16
. gl. quamuís,
55c12
. gl. (iusti)que,
38d3
.
gl. quidem,
14a15
. gl. quippe,
127a8a
. gl. quoque,
101a13
.
Sg. 16a2a
, see
Études Celt. xi 112
. gl. saltim,
Ml. 86c7
. gl.
uel,
99a1
.
With follg. prep. and noun:
cid cossin nóin,
Wb. 2a21
.
ceith cenmathá integdais nucut `even besides yonder house',
33a4
.
cid etir na cumcai,
Ml. 18d24
.
cid a techtugad tire,
Laws iv 24.20 Comm.
nī tibur-so in tinnscra sinee (leg. sin ?)
cid ar Meidb Crūachan feissin,
ZCP iv 39.9
=
ní thibrind i
tindscra cid Meidbi insin,
TBFr. 185
. cid aire sin namá if
only for that reason,
Ériu ii 194 § 7
. cid īarna ētsecht `even
after his death',
BColm. 98.25
.
With adv. cid indemin `even assuredly',
Wb. 9c18
.
cid
inbiucc,
Sg. 39a25
. ceit co matain till morning,
Mon. Tall. 152.6
.
With verb: cid átrebfea gl. et habitaturum,
Ml. 36b14
. cid
reminota .i. cid remínetarcnaigedar `that it even prenote',
18c12
. cithisse gl. et qui,
Wb. 22a7
(a prima manu). Usually
with clause introduced by conj.:
cidamba cocuibsid,
Ml.
32b21
. asber cid arind molatar inna nime fesin `he even tells
the heavens themselves to praise Him',
145d4
.
cidrisíu robǽ
cland les,
Wb. 29d23
. cid co tisad gáeth etorro ┐ talam even
to the extent that,
LU 8389
(
FB 26
). is bec cid dia fesstar
a chenél `his kin will be almost unknown',
RC xxiv 176.5
.
cid intan ná torsed F. chucu `even if Ph. should not return',
Ériu iv 142.7
. níor fhás giodh acht cáora con not even (?),
Bard. Synt. Tr. 30.38
.
With follg. itir: génnti na rochretset cid itir at all,
RC
xii 426 § 13
. is fodāig na mnā cid etir roferfaider si (sic)
fāilti frit `that you get a welcome at all',
ZCP v 501.30
. fri re
naenuaire cidh itir `even',
Ériu 22.31
.
acht másu ḟerr cid
etir do ḟlaithseo,
LL 278b49
.
In more generalized meaning of
as to, as regards, as for
:
ceth Máolruoin nipo calad `as for M. he was not stiff',
Mon. Tall. 135.24
. cid aidchi lúoin ma dorona `as to Sunday night,
he is to do so if he can',
132.28
. ceith dand erán ┐ den seildind
imbe `both as to the bread and the "selann" of butter',
151.24
.
is cid Nuadu Necht . . . / romarb Eterscél . . . / . . . is cid
Fergus mac Róig,
LL 6429 ff.
cid cath Ailbe as for,
LL 4127
(
RC xxiii 312
). cid C. dana as regards,
TFerbe 326
. In later
lang. somet. very vaguely applied. Cf.
atbath cidh araill
dibh dfuacht,
AFM iii 250.5
. ciodh iar ttriol `not long afterwards',
312.11
.
In later lang. somet. with supporting pron.: gidh é
doighech na ndernann even the pang,
IGT Decl. ex. 799
.
cidh iad fiora F. tugadh éccendáil forra,
AFM ii 1042.x
.
┐ gidh esidhe ni tearna uadh,
v 1484.x
.
Meic Mh. fós—gidh
iad ann,
TD 4.15
(see note).
With subj. impf. of copula: gembad gar even for a short
time,
Metr. Dinds. iv 52. 133
.
II With indic. (see
GOI 561
. As a rule concessive in this use, but cf.
Wb. 16b9
cited below).
(a) With inf. pron. (on the form of 3 s. m. n. see
GOI 269
):
cinid arillset,
Wb. 4c39
. ciasidroilliset `though
they have deserved it',
Ml. 77a15
. ni indráigne dúib cininfil
lib it is no detriment to you that we are not with you,
Wb.
16b9
. cenis pendid `though they do no penance',
Mon. Tall.
135.13
.
(b) Where the sense does not require an inf. pron. a
particle -(i)d- is infixed, if necessary by means of no-
(see
GOI 269
,
324
-5).
cerudglanta tribathis,
Wb. 4a6
.
ciarud chualatar ilbélre et cenuslabratar,
12d28
.
cinidfil chairi linn,
Ml. 30a2
.
cenidfetarsa andliged nisin,
55d21
. ciaridberam a céill `although we express their sense',
Sg. 26b2
.
cenod filchotarsnataith etarru,
29b17
.
cenodfil,
192b5
.
quanquam .i. cinud,
17a3
.
cenit fregart mac ind
righ,
Blathm. 96 § 24
.
méti cénid chocerta,
LU 8899
(
FB
68
). Note also (with subj.): cinidaccastar `though he be not
seen',
Wb. 26a12
(see note).
Somet. without infix in O. Ir.: ciasbiursa deus
etc.,
Wb.
2b18
. cerubaid fopheccad `though ye were',
3b19
.
ciadurat
som digail forassaru,
Ml. 94c17
. ciabatar degtacrae les
`though he had good arguments',
Tur. 81
. So regularly in
later sources: cení frecmairc coibsina `though he does not ask
for confessions',
Mon. Tall. 135.15
.
cé dogénsam ainmne,
ACL iii 295 § 22
.
gé ro sgoilt cuirr a chroidhe,
Dán Dé
xx 29
.
gé 'tú,
TD 25.42
.
gé a-tád,
DDána 3.32
.
ge ro baoi,
AFM v 1734.13
.