pron demonstrative relative, nasalising, that which, what . On the spelling á see Celtica ii 339 - 40 . Orig. neut. art., GOI § 473 (cf. 5 a). Combines with ro to form arro (in later lang. ar): arrolegais, Wb. 28d7 , but an- (the usual form before vowels) is also found: anrogadammar, Wb. 15c22 . anró gad, Trip.² 1370 . an ro-ráidis, PH 726 . an raibhe, Keat. ii 265 . In later language also spelt i n-: i n-atconnarc, LU 3322 . ind digní, Mon. Tall. 134.20 (§ 21) . Also ina n-: ina mboí, LU 8416 (H). ina fuaratar, Ann. Conn. 1235.13 . na n-: na tongat, Sc.M² 16 . na n-dingentar, TBC-LL¹ 6179 . na ndenaid, Auraic. 58 . In O.Ir. folld. by absolute and deuterotonic form of vb. a n-asbiur, Wb. 17d12 ; but later the conjunct and prototonic forms become common (see Bergin, Ériu xi 139 n.1 ): a taibred, Sc.M² 1 . a sir, Dán Dé xxiii 37 . a ndenat, PH 2858 . When the demonst. rel. is plural in meaning personal pronouns referring to it are plural: a n-as sīrem diib, Ériu ii 130 § 102 . The vb. may also be pl. a mbid . . . de neithibh, Desid. 5724 . a rabhadar do liagaibh cloch, Keat. ii 3504 . a bhfuilti corrtha those of you who are tired, Donlevy 216.6 .

Frequently cecha n- whatever, however much, etc., see cech.

(a) As nom.: an as suthin, Wb. 13d9 . anasberthar ho giun what is spoken, 5d14 . for nem a (an v.l.) conrúalae . . . as mó mílib míle, Fél. Ep. 25 . arrobúi isind tsaltir nuli the whole contents of the Psalter, Mon. Tall. 133.11 (§ 16) . a nas aithgin do airechaib feda iseadh is dire do athechaib feadha, Laws iv 152.5 Comm. seachnuim a mbí a n-éintigh, Desid. 6426 . a dtarla dá chóir, TSh. 762 .

(b) As accus.: á fil etarru what is between them, Wb. 27d19 . tuicci an gaibes in salm, 12d42 . a pridchimmeni what we preach, 15b14 . a forchongair do chomalnad, 5c23 . a ndogensa what I shall do, LU 8082 ( FB 6 ). tongu-sa a toinges mo thúath, MU² 928 . mā rosaigh a broth a n-rosaig a blas `if its broth attains what its taste attains', RC xii 86 § 91 . ar ordaigh an t-aingeal-sain, Dán Dé xiv. 14 .

(c) With follg. partitive DI: a ndudesta . . . di foirbthetu, Wb. 1a9 . a césme di cach imniud, 13c7 . anrofiugrad di Críst `what has been figured of Christ', 15a34 . a mbaī di mnāib . . . hi Cūailṅge, TBC-I¹ 868 . a nrobíth leis día slōgaib, 1657 . an fogebed in gilla di scothaib, Trip.² 365 . ni hairemthar ar' marbad do macaib rí, RC xviii 173.13 . With different order of words: a n-du imnedaib . . . fo-daimi, Ml. 55d11 . a ndo ligdath doadbat, Ériu ii 114 § 39 .

With copula and superl.: a n-as sirem diib `the longest of them', Ériu ii 130 § 102 . a n-romba dech do thimthagaib flatha fer nGaoidel the best of the garments . . ., Corm. Y 1059 . an-as dech foruaradar do echraidh in righ, Marco P. 35 . i mba fearr do cach berla ┐ a nba leithiu ┐ a mba caemu `what was best . . .', Auraic. 1053 . in rop messa día muintir, RC x. 184.24 . Note also: is a mbeo beres a n-as beodu ┐ i na[s] segondo, TBC-I¹ 693 (compar. for superl.?). Less frequently with partitive gen.: doberat a n-as dech sét in dúine, TBFr. 419 . con-aitcetar ferann fair .i. an ba dech Mide, Dinds. 78 ( RC xv. 478 ).

(d) With prec. prep. (frequent in later lang.): do-farget (sic leg.) a rro-fera ar-a ferthar fris `he offers what he has given for what is given to him', Laws v 502.22 (see however GOI 680 ). ni tabair dír[e] asa n-gatass, Ir. Recht 22 § 24 (see GOI 298, 680 ). farnan bechtae on what is not certain, Bürgschaft 20 § 60 ( GOI 298, 680 ). bui dliged . . . fora raibhi do Thartraidhibh, Marco P. 82 . nach smuainid air a nabruid, Donlevy 468.13 . Gort an Óir ghairthear don Mhaigh . . . ó n-ar bronnadh d'ór lais-sean . . . ann `from the quantity of gold', Keat. ii 4470 . tré n-ar imreadar d'ulc air `on account of the injury they had done him', 4634 . tréas a ndearnsad do bhagar air, Desid. 3429 . Most frequently with DI, giving mod. dia, dá approximating to a new rel. particle: duine d'a marand indíu any man of those now living, PH 7318 . gach ní dā ndubrais, Feis Tighe Chonáin 105 . na h-uili obuir trocuire diar mol in eglus, ZCP vi 25.4 . ni ternō nech dona tainic anoir `of those that came . . .', Dinds. 23 ( RC xv. 323 ). an aenridiri is lugha dob olc da roibhi ina aimsir, ZCP vi 100.12 . gach aon dár fhás ┐ dá bhfásfaidh every one who has sprung and will spring, TSh. 13 . Temporal use: feacht n-æn da roibhe Cond Cetcathach, Ériu iii 150 . fecht n-aen dá táncatar, Acall. 361 . laithe n-aen … da raibe Find, 5737 . feacht n-aen da tainic Find, 5917 . la da raibhi Crist, Smaointe B. Chr. 1754 . gach úair da dtéighinn ’na theach, L. Cl. A. B. 187 § 9 . fechtus dia m-bui E. hi Frémainn, IT i 128 § 15 . fecht eli da raibe C. .c. a nDruim Cet, BCC 146.5 . lá airithi da ndechaid C. .c. do Temraig, 126.20 . feacht n-aon da ttainic Columcille, Anecd. iii 6 . feacht dia m-báttar, Hy Fiach. 336.1 . Also with acht: co tuctha a longa leó acht a ndechaidh ar éicin, RC xvii 361.17 (Tig.).

(e) When the antecedent is a noun the rel. clause is syntactically gen.: ar comalnad andotairrngert `to fulfil what he had promised', Mon. Tall. 146.20 (§ 51) . i farrad na n-dingentar innossa, TBC-LL¹ 6178 . cuirter fesa uathaib co hAth Cliath ar cend ar ḟacsat and do Gallaib, RC xviii 289.30 (Tig.). ag soin críoch ar chanamor `that is the sum of what I have sung', TD 15.54 . ag clos a ndoirtid, Desid. 4282 . ar son a ndéineann, 731 .

Appar. vbl. of necess. from root *beg (cf. 2 taithmechta). See -becht. In phr. ní b.¤ ní tochta to be established by evidence (?); capable of proof, sustainable by testimony (?): is amlabar cach cumscas (glossed: indsci) na fri fiadna fedair farnan bechtæ nan tochtae (nantochtaeich, MS., ? leg. tochtai, ed.) `stumm ist jede Aussage (?), die nicht mit Zeugen gemacht wird über was nicht sicher, nicht beschworen (zu beschwören ?) ist', Bürgschaft 20 § 60 ; read fornád bechtai (`a verbal of necessity') na tochtai, Binchy, Celtica v 81 , 82 . flaith tochta na b.¤ (glossed: toinges for an ceile ni na bethaiget fiadain, na senchaide), Laws v 358.7 . ni b.¤ ni tochta .i. nocha nfastann luighi in inbaid na fuil tuarustal acht a luigh aonar, O'Curry 2239 ( Eg. 88, 17ba ). fear ro ith meirle cia dobera tuarasdal rechtge, ni b.¤, ni tochta, O'Curry 2596 ( Eg. 88, 50b ).

v (cf. betha)

(a) quickens, animates: in spirut noem bethaiges na huile anmand, PH 238. betha robeathaighthea, ZCP viii 206.5 . condas-bethaigend so that it (viz. part of a magic club) brings them back to life, MU² 632. beathaighe sin in craidhi ` vivifies ', Rosa Angl. 146.15 . co ro bhethaidhsiot beóghrís a sengomh they revived, AFM vi 2054.1 .

(b) feeds, nourishes; supports: gabur blicht . . . conid edsain ras bethaig, LL 30831 ( TTr. 13 ). sain ní dia fognai cech luib / . . . / ícait, bethaigait, marbait, SR 7280. ni bhethuid bréig `nurses not falsehood', KMMisc. 174.19 . ealta bhadhbh do bheathuighis a flock of scaldcrows you have nourished (i.e. by blood shed in battle), O'R. Poems 101.

In Laws Comm. sustains, supports, confirms (?): toinges . . . ni na bethaiget fiadain . . . toinges goi . . . ┐ ni bethaidhend firinne, Laws v 360.7 , 9 Comm. im in ni na bethaighdais fiadain na senchaidhe, 302.27 Comm.

Vn. bethugad.

n n (earlier probably d, GOI § 330 , ZCP xlix-l 484 ), m. g s. p. fiadan, n p. —na and —ain. fíadha, IGT, Decl. § 6 . Later also fiadain.

(a) a witness; one who bears testimony: fiadain (gl. testem) Ml. 38d11 . curu cen fiadna contracts without witnesses Bürgschaft § 61 . rancatár ... co Úath ... ┐ fíadu o Budi leó, LU 9010 ( FB 76 ; `Führer ?' Wind., but from the context in this and follg. ex. it seems likely that the f.¤ accompanied the three champions who were to be judged by Uath in order to witness and vouch for their performance in the tests which might be laid on them). eircid co tech S. ... ┐ dogena for mbrethugud. lotar dó ... ┐ focertar fíadain leo, LU 8869 ( FB 66 ). innisit fiadhain witnesses relate AFM ii 962.8 . fear tairgille (.i. aighne), fiadha, fechium `advocate, witness, plaintiff' Laws i 288.21 Comm. forgellat fiadain coitechta indraice etarru `lawful and worthy witnesses bear testimony between them' ii 332.14 . dā fiadne, iv 4.5 Comm . tri fiadne leis ib. 11 . flaith ... toinges for an ceile ni na bethaiget fiadain nā senchaide a lord who swears against the tenant a thing which neither eye-witnesses nor historians support v 360.7 Comm . cach fiadain a foirgell, Aib. Cuigni 10 ( ACL iii 226 . ZCP xvii 48 ). cach snaidm co fiadnaib, Aib. Cuigni 44 . foirgell o fiadnaib `testimony by witnesses' Laws v 366.12 . co n-imecla in Choimded ... is f.¤ da cech ḟuigell, PH 4155 . da mbet da ḟiadain ... oc a forgell, 3374 . gabaim in grian ina fiadain form, 2696 . gabaim nem ┐ talam 'na ḟiadnaib form, 2728 . bia pōsadh gan fiagain, ZCP x 50.10 . da chomgraid ... immeresnad cen fiadnae who dispute without witnesses Ériu vii 158.30 . tucc fiadhain o Dhia called God to witness BNnÉ 256.22 . Creud as mionna ann? Dia do thogbhail d'fiadhain ar an bhfirinne do bheith agad, Luc. Fid. 98.4 . Transf. of a thing: is e an la cetna bus fiadhu forgill ┐ bus íudic breithi etramsu ┐ Poimp it is the same day (of battle) that shall bear witness and decide CCath. 5060 (hence O'Cl.: fiadha foirghill .i. fiadhnaise follus).

(b) bearing witness; testimony: treōir fa foirglidi oc fiaduin, ZCP xiii 16 § 13 . ní mhairid chum fiaghain linn to bear me witness Oss. iv 176.12 . do réir ḟiadhain [sic] na n-eólach, TD 32.33 . go bhfiadhain d'eolchaibh maithe `as good sages attest' Content. v 113 .

(c) an escort or companion (?): co n-imeochadh einbhean Ere 'n-a haenar ... gen go mbeith fiadha aga forchoimed, MR 104.4 (or does this belong to 1 fíada ?). Cf. do chuiredar reisiment ... leis ... mar chungnamh ┐ mar fiadhain `as an assistance and force' Rel. Celt. ii 182.19 . mór ar ngredain is ar ngráin | mor ar fiadain ar fforgráin `great was our company' Duan. F. i 32.3 (leg. fedain ?). Cf. fíadan.

(d) owner; guarantor, custodian (? cf. 1 fíada): co ruc eocho ┐ aradu ┐ armgaisced a coceli leis co ránic Emain ... ┐ dorat dia fíadnaib fein iat, LU 8550 ( FB 40 ). ódchonnairc an creach ... iarna fosdódh, acht chena ní hé ba háil doibhsium acht gan a fágbháil aga fiadhnuibh, ALC i 572 - 4 = Ann. Conn. 1315.11 (cf. rucustar fein in creich leis ┐ nir aisicc da hurradaib hi ib.).

n i, m. Later also senchaide. n s. in senchaid , LU 3062 . senchaide, PH 6946 . g s. senchada, ZCP iv 237 § 3 . d s senchaid, TBC-LL¹ p. 911 n. 3 . n p. senchaide, Laws v 360.7 Comm . a p. senchaidiu, Anecd. ii 73.11 v.l. d p. sencaidaib, Laws i 34.16 Comm . The follg. forms, g s. senchad, BDD² 997 . n p. sencaid, LU 3475 ( SCC 25 ). g p. senchad, SR 1059 , may, perhaps, derive from senchae declined as a t- stem, which may have been the oldest form, with senchaid, orig. d s., forming new nom. seanchaidh m. g s. an tseanchaidh , an tseanchadh , n p. na seanchaidhe , IGT Decl. § 52 .

a reciter of lore; a historian : ní aisnébet sin ná seanchaid dul damsa ónd orguin, BDD² 720 . is disi rochet in s.¤ na runnu-sa, LU 3062 . a s.¤ Cairthede, 11040 . noi mís lána . . . | o rohet Adam anmain | iar sliucht sruithi senchad slán | co rodelbad a banscal, SR 1059 . co n-epert . . . `Senchaidhe suidhighet . . . sreatha fían fianeirghe fechat coir coicerta iar cintaib cnedh', Anecd. ii 73.11 . cia no beth sencus aile and oc na sencaidaib, Laws i 34.16 Comm . senchaide ┐ brithemain ┐ echlacha, RC xiv 414.1 . im dá ṡ.¤ na tána, TBC-LL¹ 1576 . do Aed . . . do phrims.¤ Laigen ar gaes ┐ eolas ┐ trebaire lebur, p. 911 n. 3 . mad iar n-Iosifio primshenchaide na n-Ebraide, PH 6946 . atberait na senchaidi go ro dithaigset gaill a muintir, Cog. 62.4 . oir dlighidh seanchaidh seneolus . . . d'aisneis, MR 96.6 . tré ainbhfios na seanchadh, Keat. i 84.19 . seanchaidhe Éireann áille, | . . . | atáid san bhaile an bhuidhean, | caidhe sráid na seanchuidheadh, Ériu v 58 § 85 = sráid na seanchoidhedh, IGT Decl. ex. 1323 . créd rádh na senchadh mur sin | gu sengfadh ó chlár Chaisil, ex. 1331 . sgél leam dhá dheimhneaghadh dhuibh | ga ferr seinleabhar seanchaidh, ex. 1324 . do bhí Iehosaphat . . . na sheanchuigh, 2 Samuel viii 16 . sencaidh gach fer forba nó ferainn everyone who owns a patrimony or estate is a historian, has a memory for the past (a proverb), BNnÉ 248 § 201 . In phr. suí senchada a very learned historian : is and is súii hsenchada in tan léghas léirghnimo Innsi Héibir, ZCP iv 237 § 3 . ní dligh . . . cuairt in file nó in tsúi tsencotha na fiasara adha . . . na rígh, ib. n. 5 ( Eg. 1782, 36b1 ). The s.¤ was an important witness esp. in disputes as to land (cf. Cóic Con. p. 10 ): adeir . . . cur ob lia dfiadhnaib ┐ do tsenchaidhib ina taeb fein, O'D. 1961 ( Eg. 90, fo. 7, p. 2, col. a ). mása tuinighe ┐ senchaidhe con dara de ┐ fiadhain ┐ sencaidhe oc araile, is do tsenchaidhe na tuinighe légur, 1957 ( Eg. 90, fo. 7 ). nocho fuach[t]naighthi comruc a re . . . im in ni ro bethaigdais fiadain ┐ sencaidhi, acht im in ni na bethaighdais fiadain na senchaidhe, Laws v 302.27 Comm . toinges for an ceile ni na bethaiget fiadain na senchaide, 360.7 Comm .

n (tongaid ? cf. Meyer, ZCP xviii 342.14 ) oath ? : ustaing .i. ūas-toinges .i. na ūaisle ca t.¤ imma comall, Corm. Y 1294 . cia lén tualaing a tuinge, Content. xvi 18.

v Often treated as though *do-foing. Later also toingid.

Forms. Indic. pres. 1 s. tongu, Sc.M² § 16 . MU² 1020 . tuṅg, BDD § 62 . dofuṅg, Ériu iv 134.18 . da-oṅg-sa, MU² 181 . toṅgimse, RC iii 178.5 . 3 s. (with obj.) toingthi, O'Dav. 160. ni thoing , Laws iv 350.18 Comm. -toingend, BDD² 698 . rel. toṅges, RC iii 178.5 . toingis, Laws i 196.9 Comm. ? 1 pl. tongmai, Ériu v 236.75 . 3 pl. toingit, Cóic Con. § 62 . na tongat , Sc.M² § 16 . rel. toingte, TBC-I¹ 704 (LU). toingthe, BDD² 707 . pass. tonga[i]r, Críth G. 52.

Impf. 3 s. no-thongad, Ml. 36a20 . dodfongad, 21 . 3 pl. darsnatoingdis, Fianaig. 14 § 25.

Imper. 3 pl. toinget, TBC-I¹ 1060 (LU).

Subj. pres. 2 s. ni thois , LB 261a8 . cía thois , RC xxiii 306 § 12 . 3 s. t, O'Dav. 1588. ? ni thoe , LL 360 marg. 3 pl. tosat, O'Curry 2237 ( Eg. 88, 17b ). toisat, O'Dav. 1588. pass. rel. maine thosar , O'Curry 508 ( H 3.18, 258 ). foa tosar , Ériu vii 156 § 15.

Subj. Impf. 3 s. tara toissed , Wb. 33c10 . (corresponding to perf.) daradochtaised. Ml. 78a4 .

Fut. 1 s. tithis, Tec. Corm. xxvii 17 . 2 s. ní tithis , O'Dav. 1588. 3 s. tithis, LU 10367 (TE). 3 pl. tithsat, O'Dav. 1588. tethsat (leg. tithsat), AFM ii 786.14 . Pass. s. titsaither, O'Dav. 1588. pl. tithsitir, LU 10370 (TE). Cf. also: gle .i. tife nó toingfe , O'Dav. 1026.

Pret. pass. ni tochta , Laws v 468.1 .

Perf. 3 s. docuitig, Wb. 33d10 . ducuitich, Ml. 78a5 . 3 pl. tocuitchetar, Cáin Ad. § 29.

Vn. 1 luige, q.v. ? Part. tochta, Laws v 358.7

(a) swears, takes an oath: is maith leis á firlugae nothongad cach frialaile, Ml. 36a20 . nochomallad nech dod-fongad, 21 . tocuitchetar tra ... ōgh cāna adomnān do comalnad co brádh, Cáin Ad. § 29 . ustaing .i. ūas-toinges .i. na uaisle ca toinge imma comall, Corm. Y 1294 . tó ┐ toing ┐ toisat ┐ tithsat .i. luige, ut est fortithsat donnaig diumsaig ┐ rl. No do toingfidis na gataidi diumasch[a] for cach ┐ aderr fos ní tithis formsa ... titsaither luige la sandtachu, O'Dav. 1588. brágti do thúath tithsitir, LU 10370 (TE). ni thois i forgiull for nech, LB 261a8 . ni thoing luighe acht fo aen a mbliadain, Laws iv 350.18 Comm. tethsat (leg. tithsat) commond i nGlind Gerg, AFM ii 786.14 . toinget anmchomét frim, TBC-I¹ 1060 (LU). tuṅgsa na dei dia n-adraim, BDD § 62 . dofuṅg-sa do Día uilichumachtach, Ériu iv 134.18 . is ē do t[h]ēchta tongu | cath frit c[h]rēchta, ZCP vi 264 § 2 . toingimse dúib, Ériu iv 96 § 20 . toingim don Rígh domroighne, ZCP viii 221 § 39 . fan síoth toingead, DDána 111.28 . mílidh ar an tráigh níor thuing, Aithd. D. ii 245.37 . do thuingsead ... don rígh, Content. xv 45 . thuingsead d'aitheasg éinfhir, xvi 160 . B. na f.: tuingim do chāch fan gcín-si (.i. luighim), ZCP v 489 § 12.

Common in formula of asseveration (see Sages, Saints and Storytellers 332-41 , Celtic Language, Celtic Culture 48-52 ): toṅga (tongu, LU) do dia toinges mo thuath, TBC-I¹ 651 . tonga (tongusa, LU) do dia toingi (toingte, LU) Ulaid, 704 . tongu na tongat no thuath, Sc.M² § 16 . tongussa a tongas mo thúath, MU² 1020 . tongusa a toingthe mo thúatha, BDD² 707 . toṅgu a toingend mo thúatha, 698 .

(b) Legal swears, is of status to swear: tonga[i]r fri corp ┐ anmain, Críth G. 52 . aire toíngeas itir dis, Laws iv 142.5 Comm. is iat na tri .ix. uir thoingis ... is tri ba toingit, Cóic Con. § 62 . atáit secht lina a tuaith toingthi for rig rechtaid, O'Gr. Cat. 88.9. issed toingis, Laws i 196.9 Comm. fiadnaise fia toing in ben fri huaitni, Laws i 180.13 Comm. ma tonnach fo rinde araili toingthi fo ailt neimhe, O'Dav. 160.

(c) With tar or fo swears by: docuitig tarais fadeissin ar ni robe nech bad huaisliu tara toissed, Wb. 33d10 . nimbói ní bed sruithiu daradochtaised, Ml. 78a4 . coicriuth co mbūale umae | darsnatoingdis derbh-lugae, Fianaig. 14 § 25 . tongu-sa ... tar cumachta nDé, Ériu ii 202 § 18 ( do tuc isa lugha, v.l.) toingim torum fen, PH 1154 . secip fethal foa tosar a ndubethech, Ériu vii 156 § 15 . tuingim ... fan fer rofuluing pāis tarcenn in cinidh daena, ZCP vi 48.15 . tuingim-si fona dēibh, 53.20 . ro thuing fona deibh nach fuicfedh, Stair Erc. 1757 . do tuing fa na breithir nach fuicfed an baile, Celt. Rev. iv 14.6 . tongu-sa fom chumachta ┐ tar in mac n-óengine, Ériu ii 196 § 13.

v (< ON húsping, Marstrander, Bidrag. 133 ): ustaing .i. ūas-toinges .i. na ūaisle ca toinge imma comall, Corm. Y 1294 . (Possibly extracted from: immus-toing. Cf. imm-toing).